生态系统生态学选择题.docx
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生态系统生态学选择题
1.Multiplechoice.Foreachquestion,thereisonlyonebestanswer.Circlethecorrectanswerwithyourpenorpencil.(1pt.each,40pts.total).
1).Ifyouaretryingtodevelopaself-containedecosystemthatwillbeshippedintospacetolivebyitself,whichofthefollowingistheminimumsituationrequiredforsuccess:
a.autotrophsonlyareneeded.
b.autotrophsandheterotrophsbothareneeded.
c.autotrophsanddecomposersarebothneeded.
d.youmusthaveautotrophs,heterotrophs,anddecomposers.
2).Seasonalityinthetropicsismostrelatedtovariationin________whileseasonalityinthetemperatezoneismostrelatedtovariationin__________.
a.rainfall,temperature
b.temperature,rainfall
c.thetiltoftheearth,thespinoftheearth
d.thespinoftheearth,thetiltoftheearth
3).Whichofthefollowingnutrientcyclesdirectlycontributestoacidrain?
a.phosphoruscycle
b.sulfurcycle
c.hydrologiccycle
d.leadcycle
4).Desertsareassociatedwithwhichlatitude:
a.equatorialzones
b.45degreesnorthorsouthofequator
c.30degreesnorthorsouthofequator
d.theyarenotassociatedwithlatitudeatall
5).Whichtypeofresponsecurveismostlikelycharacteristicofmicronutrientssuchasboron?
a.linearresponse
c.optimumresponse
b.saturationresponse
d.sigmoidresponse
6).Iftheearthspunintheoppositedirection,theclimateofSichuanwouldprobablybe:
a.Muchwarmerthroughouttheyear.
b.Generallywetterthanitisnow.
c.Drierthanitpresentlyis.
d.Sichuanwouldbeunaffectedbythechangeinspin.
7).Theincreasingconcentrationofchemicals(includingnutrientsorpollutants)inhighertrophiclevelsistermed:
a.netprimaryproductivity
b.biologicalmagnification
c.trophicdynamics
d.biologicalremuneration
8).Whichofthefollowingnutrientswithagaseousbiogeochemicalcyclerequiresinteractionswithspecificbacteriatomakethecycle"perfect"?
a.oxygen
b.nitrogen
c.sulfur
d.carbon
9).Whatistypicaloflocalnutrientcyclesinsituationsthatsupportedtemperategrasslandsbeforehumansettlement?
a.largeaccumulationoflitterinthesoil
b.veryhighandconstantratesofdecomposition
c.mostnutrientsstoredinlivingbiomass
d.unusednutrientsrarelyfound
10).Higherplantsmostoftenabsorbnitrogenfromthesoilintheformof
a.freenitrogengas
b.ammonia
c.aminoacids
d.nitrates
e.nitrites
11).Asanecosystempassesthroughthestagesofsuccession
a.itsspeciesdiversitydecreases
b.itsbiomassincreases
c.itbecomeslessstable
d.itsabilitytowithstandstressdecreases
12).Competition
a.describesaninteractioninwhichoneorganismisadverselyaffectedwhiletheotherisunaffected
b.occursonlyoverfoodsources
c.mayresultinonespeciesdyingofforbeingforcedtochangeitsecologicalniche
d.occursonlybetweencloselyrelatedorganisms
13).Asenergyflowsthroughtheecosystem,theamountavailabletoeachtrophiclevel
a.decreases
b.increases
c.remainsthesame
d.noneoftheprioranswersiscorrect
14).Whenweeatvegetablesweareactingas
a.producers
b.primaryconsumers
c.secondaryconsumers
d.decomposers
15).Whyhasearth’sclimatewarmedoverthepast150years?
a.increasedgreenhousegasconcentration
b.increasedsolarinput
c.land-useandland-coverchange
d.aandc
e.alloftheabove
16).WhydoseasonsoccuronEarth?
a.earth’sdistancefromthesunvariesthroughouttheyear.
b.theCoriolisforce
c.becauseofthetiltofearth’saxis.
d.becausetheearthisclosetothesuninthesummerandfarfromthesuninthewinter.
e.becauseofseasonalchangesinalbedo
17).Whichofthefollowinghasthehighestalbedo?
a.seaice
b.freshsnow
c.tundra
d.desert
e.standingdeadgrass
18).Turnoverofplanttissuesis_________inthearcticcomparedtothetropics.
a.slower
b.faster
c.aboutthesame
d.energeticallymoreexpensive
e.noneoftheabove
19).Ofthefollowing,whichisthebestsubstitutionforNPP?
a.photosyntheticcapacity
b.productivityperunitleafarea
c.totalleafarea
d.specificleafarea
e.averageleafNconcentration
20).WhichseasonoftheyearhasthehighestconcentrationofCO2intheatmosphereoftheNorthernHemisphere?
a.summerb.autumn
c.winterd.spring
21).WaterisimportantintheEarthsystembecause
a.it’snecessaryforlife
b.itexistsinnatureingas,liquid,andsolidstates
c.inchangingfromonestatetoanotherenergyisstoredorreleased
d.init’svariousphasesitistheprimarymediumbywhichenergyistransmittedamongEarth’sreservoirs.
e.alloftheabove.
22).Wind-drivenoceancurrentsoccurin
a.thedeepocean
b.thesurfaceocean
c.thedeepandthesurfaceocean
d.donotoccurintheocean
23).Betweenwhichreservoirsdoesmostofcarbontransfertakeplace?
a.betweentheatmosphereandrocks
b.betweentheatmosphereandtheocean
c.betweentheatmosphereandbiomass
d.betweentheoceanandrocks.
24).ForasystemthatisinSteadyState
a.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirisconstantwithtime.
b.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirgrowsovertime.
c.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirdeclinesovertime.
d.inflowdoesnotequaloutflow.
25).Whatarethemechanismsofinflowandoutflowintheshort-termorganiccarboncycle?
a.diffusionandlithification
b.platetectonicsandrespiration
c.photosynthesisandrespiration
d.lithificationandrespiration
26).Theinorganiccarboncycledescribesthewaythatcarbonistransportedamongthereservoirsoftheatmosphere,ocean,andsolidEarth
a.bymechanismsthatinvolvelivingorganisms.
b.bymechanismsthatdonotinvolvelivingorganisms.
c.byallmechanisms.
d.bymechanismsthatusepesticidesorhormones.
27).Chemicalweatheringoccurswhen
a.CO2dissolvesintheocean
b.Rocks(CaCO3andCaSiCO3)aredissolvedbyrainwaterandarewashedintotheocean.
c.Volcaniceruptionsemitdustandgasesintotheatmosphere
d.Burningoffossilfuelcausesacidrain.
28).Goatsdependonautotrophsfortheproductionof:
a.oxygen
b.carbohydrates
c.bothoftheabove
d.goatsareautotrophy
29).Thenumberofindividualsthatanareacansupportreferstoits:
a.birthrate
b.deathrate
c.carryingcapacity
d.ecologicalniche
30).Criticallyimportantmineralsandotheressentialsubstanceswouldbepermanentlylosttoorganismsifitwerenotforthe:
a.producers
b.consumers
c.decomposers
d.niches
31).Whodevelopedthefivefactorsofsoilformationthatconstrainsoilandecosystemdevelopment?
a.ArthurTansely
b.JohnDerrickOvington
c.HansJenny
d.RaymondL.Lindeman
32).PETisalways________AET
a.>
b.<
c.=
d.≥
33).Turnoverrateisequalto:
a.MRT
b.stock/flow
c.flowtimesstock
d.flow/stock
34).Photorespirationiscatalyzedby
a.PEPcarboxylase
b.succinase
c.ATPsynthase
d.rubisco
e.alpha-ketogluterate.
35).Whensoilsaredryornutrientpoor,inwhichtissueswouldyouexpectplantstoinvestrelativelymoregrowth?
a.roots
b.shoots
c.stems
d.rubisco
36).Metamorphicrocks:
a.areresistanttoweathering
b.havehighNlevels
c.wereoriginallyotherrocktypes,butwerealteredbyhightemperatures
d.a&b
e.a&c
37).WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribethestateofnutrientsinsoil?
a.organic
b.exchangable
c.sorbed
d.tertiary
e.containedinprimaryandsecondaryminerals
38).Netmineralizationbeginswhen:
a.Carbonislimiting
b.Nitrogenislimiting
c.Ligninislimiting
d.Immobilization>Mineralization
39).WhichofthefollowingpairedprocessesareNOTexactopposites?
a.mineralizationvs.immobilization
b.humusformationvs.biomassaccumulation
c.photosynthesisvs.respiration
d.absorptionvs.adsorption
40).Plantsinproductiveecosystems(highGPPandhighNPP)tendtohave________leaveswitha______photosyntheticcapacity.
a.short-lived,low
b.long-lived,low
c.short-lived,high
d.long-livedhigh
e.red,smooth
2.Definethefollowingtermsorterminologiesinyourbriefestlanguage(Choose10from14)(1pt.each,10pts.total).
1).Modulator
2).Adaptivemanagement
3).Closedsystem
4).Greenhousegas
5).Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex(NDVI)
6).Compensationpoint
7).Rootexudation
8).Down-regulation
9).Ahorizon
10).Wateruseefficiency
11).Bulkdensity
12).Ecosystemapproach
13).Latentheatflux
14).Macronutrients
15).Specialistherbivore
3.Choose15fromthefollowing20shortanswerquestions(Thesecanbeansweredinasentenceortwo,orevenafewwords.Longeranswersarenotnecessary.Pleasedonotchoosemorethan15.2pts.each,30pts.total)
1).Withrisingatmospheric[CO2],doyouexpecttherangeofC4plantstoincrease,decrease,orremainthesame?
2).Whatare3waysplantsuptakenutrients?
3).DescribetheshorttermresponsestowaterstressinC3plants.
4).Togainanadvantagefromfeedingrootsymbiontshowmuchmustphotosynthesisincrease?
5).Ifyouhavetwoleavesofsimilarnutrientquality(offthesametree)-underwhatconditionswouldtheydecomposeatdifferentrates?
6).WhatistherelationshipbetweenHeterotrophicRespiration,NetPrimaryProduction,NetEcosystemProduction?
7).Giveonereasonwhythepresenceofplantscanaccelerateweathering?
8).Whydoesatmospherictemperaturedecreasewithaltitudeinthetroposphere?
9).Becausemicrobesgainenergythroughoxidation,whichofthesebondswillprovidethemwiththemostenergy:
C-CorC=C?
10).Whati