独立从句dependentclauses.docx

独立从句dependentclauses.docx

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独立从句dependentclauses

DependentClauses:

AnOverview

Dependentclausesmayworklikeadverbs,adjectives,ornounsincomplexsentences.

Adverbialclauses

Likeasingle-wordadverb,anadverbialclausedescribesaverb（inthesentence'smainclause）andanswersoneofthesequestions

where          why          how          when           towhatdegree

Anadverbialclausebeginswithasubordinatingconjunction,whichmakestheclausesubordinate（dependent）.

Commonsubordinatingconjunctions:

after

inorder（that）

unless

although

insofaras

until

as

inthat

when

asfaras

lest

whenever

assoonas

nomatterhow

where

asif

nowthat

wherever

asthough

once

whether

because

provided（that）

while

before

since

why

evenif

sothat

eventhough

supposing（that）

how

than

if

that

inasmuchas

though

incase（that）

till

 Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhen

     Whenwilltheflowersbloom  Answer:

 whenspringarrives

  Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhy

      Whydidn'tthepoorwomanhavemoney Answer:

 becauseshehadlostherjob

  Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhere

     Whereistherefire  Answer:

 wherethereissmoke

  Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringhow

       Howdidheanswerthequestion Answer:

 asifheknewthesubjectquitewell

      Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree

       TowhatdegreeoflatenesswillJonesarrive Answer:

 （later）thanSmith（willarrive）

   Anotherexampleofanadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree

      Towhatdegreeisheyoung Answer:

（younger）thanhisbrother（is）

Commausewithadverbialclauses

Commausewithadverbialclausesdependsuponplacementoftheadverbialclause.

Iftheadverbialclauseintroducesthesentence,placeacommabetweenitandthemainclause.

Iftheadverbialclausefollowsthemainclauseinasentence,donotplaceacommabetweenthetwo.

Adjectivalclauses

Likeasingle-wordadjective,anadjectivalclausedescribesanoun（inthesentence'smainclause）andanswersoneofthesequestions

                                   whichone                 whatkind      

Anadjectivalclauseusuallybeginswitharelativepronoun,whichmakestheclausesubordinate（dependent）.

Commonrelativepronouns:

                 that        which        who       whom       whosewhy

NOTE:

 Usewho,whom,andwhosetodescribepeople.

              Usethatandwhichtodescribethings.

Adjectivalclausesalwaysfollowtheperson,place,orthingtheydescribe,usuallyimmediately.

  Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhichone

       WhichbookdidJoeread Answer:

 theonethatIgavehim

  Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhatkind

       Whatkindofpoliticianhasthesupportofthepeople Answer:

 onewhoistrustworthy

Adjectivalclausesmayalsobeginwithselectedsubordinatingconjunctions:

             when -todescribeatime

               where -todescribeaplace    

             why-todescribeareason

Commausewithadjectivalclauses

Commausewithadjectivalclausesdependsuponessentialityoftheadjectivalclause.

Iftheadjectivalclauseisessential（or"needed"）,nocommasshouldbeusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.  

Generally,essentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwithwhich.

   Examples

   Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesareneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyareessentialandshouldnotbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.

Iftheadjectivalclauseisnonessential（or"notneeded"）,commasshouldseparateitfromthemainclause. 

 Nonessentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwiththat.

   Examples

   Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesarenotneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyarenonessentialandshouldbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.

Notethedifferencebetweenthesentencesineachpair:

NominalClauses

Likeanoun,anominalclausenamesaperson,place,thing,oridea. Anominalclausemayfunctioninasentenceasanyofthefollowing:

Subject, subjectivecomplement, appositive, objectofpreposition,directobject, indirectobject, retainedobject

 Nominalclausesmaybeginwithinterrogatives:

who     whom  what   which    whoever   whomever   whatever    when   where    how  why

An interrogativebeginninganominalclause,hasafunctionwithinthenominalclause.

Eachofthe followingexamplesillustrates

  anominalclause

  thefunctionofthenominalclausewithinthesentence

  thefunctionoftheinterrogativewithinthenominalclause

  Nominalclauseassubjectinsentence 

  Nominalclauseassubjectivecomplementinsentence

  Nominalclauseasobjectofprepositioninsentence

  Nominalclauseasdirectobjectinsentence   

  Nominalclauseasindirectobjectinsentence

  Nominalclauseasretainedobjectinsentence 

Nominalclausesmayalsobeginwithexpletives:

that       whether      if

Anexpletivebeginninganominalclausehasnofunctionwithinthenominalclause.

  Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivethat

  Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivewhether

  Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletiveif