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考研英语真题及答案
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
By1830,theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million__1__ofthesenationslooked__2__tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence__3__theideasofrepresentativegovernment,careers__4__totalent,freedomofcommerceandtradeinthe__5__toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.__6__therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya__7__setoflaws.
Ontheissueof__8__ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,__9__,therewaslessagreement__10__theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone__11__bytheSpanishcrown,__12__mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism__13__theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughtoendthe__14__ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying__15__fortheconservativeforces.
Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad__16__inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s__17__colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch__18__becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenue.Suchpolicies__19__Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas__20__self-ruleanddemocracy.
1.[A]natives
[B]inhabitants
[C]people(B)
[D]individuals
2.[A]confusedly
[B]cheerfully
[C]worriedly(D)
[D]hopefully
3.[A]shared
[B]forgot
[C]attained(C)
[D]rejected
4.[A]related
[B]close
[C]open(A)
[D]devoted
5.[A]access
[B]succession
[C]right(C)
[D]return
6.[A]Presumably
[B]Incidentally
[C]Obviously(D)
[D]Generally
7.[A]unique
[B]common
[C]particular(C)
[D]typical
8.[A]freedom
[B]origin
[C]impact(C)
[D]reform
9.[A]therefore
[B]however
[C]indeed(B)
[D]moreover
10.[A]with
[B]about
[C]among(C)
[D]by
11.[A]allowed
[B]preached
[C]granted(C)
[D]funded
12.[A]Since
[B]If
[C]Unless(D)
[D]While
13.[A]as
[B]for
[C]under(A)
[D]against
14.[A]spread
[B]interference
[C]exclusion(D)
[D]influence
15.[A]support
[B]cry
[C]plea(C)
[D]wish
16.[A]urged
[B]intended
[C]expected(D)
[D]promised
17.[A]controlling
[B]former
[C]remaining(B)
[D]original
18.[A]slower
[B]faster
[C]easier(D)
[D]tougher
19.[A]created
[B]produced
[C]contributed(C)
[D]preferred
20.[A]puzzledby
[B]hostileto
[C]pessimisticabout(D)
[D]unpreparedfor
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:
elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatemonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevermorepronounced.
Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?
Hereareafewguesses:
a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winterbornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.
AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:
trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”
Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.
Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:
thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.
21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto
[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.
[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsattheWorldCup.
[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.(C)
[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.
22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans
[A]fun.
[B]craze.
[C]hysteria.(B)
[D]excitement.
23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory
[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.
[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.
[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.(A)
[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.
24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat
[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.
[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.
[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.(D)
[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.
25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?
[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”
[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”
[C]“Practicemakesperfect.”(C)
[D]“Likefather,likeson.”
Text2
Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?
Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?
It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.
Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?
Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?
ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:
theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.
Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?
”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.
26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligenttest?
[A]An