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托福TPO40阅读

AncientAthens

OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.

Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:

anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.

ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.，whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly（ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers）tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman（notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous）.ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled（afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos）,strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:

thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.

Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,andhundredsofcommissioners.Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,andmecourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmatters.Variouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,thefoodandwatersuppliesandpublicbuildings.Thiswide-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,lessliberalforms.

TheeffectofCleisthenes’reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheniancommunityasawholeoverlocalinstitutionswithoutdestroyingthem.Nationalpoliticsratherthanlocalordemepoliticsbecamethefocalpoint.Atthesametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:

Athensitself.OverthenexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes’reformswerefullyexploited.

DuringthefifthcenturyB.C.thecouncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"theAtheniandemocracywasastunningsuccess.Neverbefore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.

paragraph1

1.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGreekcity-states?

A.Mostcity-statesfollowedthemodelprovidedbyAthens.

B.Mostcity-stateswerebasedonaristocraticrule.

C.Differenttypesofgovernmentandorganizationwereusedbydifferentcity-states.

D.By500BC.thecity-stateswerenolongerpowerful.

paragraph2

Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekproto-democraticstates:

anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450BC.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.

2.Accordingtoparagraph2,Athenshadallofthefollowingbeforebecomingacity-stateEXCEPT

A.acouncilmadeupofaristocrats

B.anassemblymadeupofmen

C.aconstitutionthatwasfullydemocratic

D.officialswhowereelectedyearly

paragraph3

ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594BC，whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly（ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers）tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman（notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous）.ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled（afterthefounderofthedynasty.Peisistratos）,strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechangethetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenesgavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.

3.Accordingtoparagraph3,animportanteffectofmakingwealththebasisofofficeholdingwasto

A.makefewerpeoplequalifiedtobemembersoftheassembly

B.makeitpossiblefornon-aristocratstoholdoffice

C.helpthearistocratsmaintainpower

D.IncreaseeconomicopportunitiesforallAtheniancitizens

4.Theword“abolishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.limiting

B.eliminating

C.revising

D.supervising

5.Inparagraph3,theauthor'sexplanationoftheword“tyranny”indicatesthat

A.mostAthenianswereopposedtorulebythePeisistratids

B.thewordhadasomewhatdifferentmeaningfortheAtheniansthanitdoesforpeopletoday

C.thetyrantsweresupportedbythearistocracy

D.thewordcanbeappliedonlytoruthlessdictators

6.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofthePeisistratids'ruleEXCEPT:

A.Anationalsystemofcoinswascreated.

B.Judgeswereappointedacrosstheregion.

C.Newfestivalswereadded.

D.Increasedattentionwasfocusedonlocalvillages.

7.Theword“embellishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.makingmoreattractive

B.providingsupportfor

C.duplicating

D.controlling

8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Cleisthenes,areformerwhorecognizedthataristocraticcontrolhadbeendecreasingsincetheendofthepreviouscentury,finallydrovethetyrantsoutofAthensin508B.C.

B.Thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenesputinplacethestructuresthatcompletedtheweakeningofthearistocracy.

C.Bydrivingoutthetyrants,Cleisthenesenabledthereformsthathadbeenunderwaysincetheendofthecenturytoreachtheirfinalformin508B.C.

D.Towardtheendofthecentury,thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenessawthatitwastimetochangethestructuresthathadreducedaristocraticcontrol

paragraph4

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