ACT8英文.docx

ACT8英文.docx

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ACT8英文

ACT-8-1

Apluviallakeisanancientlakewithhighwaterlevels,generallyassociatedwithtimesofhighprecipitation.LakeBonnevillewasaprehistoricpluviallakethatcoveredmuchofNorthAmerica’sGreatBasinregionduringthelasticeage（seeFigure1）.Mostoftheterritoryitcoveredwasinpresent-dayUtah,thoughpartsofthelakeextendedintopresent-dayIdahoandNevada.Formedabout32,000yearsago,itexisteduntilabout16,800yearsago,whenmostofthecontentsofthelakewerereleasedthroughtheRedRockPassinIdaho.

Atmorethan1,000feet（305m）deepandmorethan19,691squaremiles（50,999.5km2）inarea,LakeBonnevillewasnearlyaslargeasLakeMichiganandsignificantlydeeper.Overtime,increasingtemperaturesinNorthAmericacausedthelaketobegindryingup,leavingGreatSaltLake,UtahLake,SevierLake,RushLake,andLittleSaltLakeasremnants.Whileeachoftheselakesisconsideredafreshwaterlake,thesalinitylevelsarehigherthannormal.Figure2showsacross-sectionofpartofUtahLakeanditssedimentandbedrock,withmeasurementstakenatthecitiesofGenolaandProvoandtwotestsitesinbetween.

1.AccordingtoFigure2,thelakeclaydepositisthinnestatwhichofthefollowinglocations?

A.Genola

B.TestSite1

C.TestSite2

D.Provo

2.Accordingtothepassage,LakeBonnevilleexistedinitsentiretyforapproximatelyhowmanyyears?

F.32,000

G.16,800

H.15,200

J.Cannotbedeterminedfromthegiveninformation

3.AccordingtoFigure2,asthethicknessofthelakeclayincreasesfromGenolatoSite2,thethicknessofthebedrockbeneathit:

A.increases.

B.remainsthesame.

C.firstincreasesandthendecreases.

D.decreases.

4.AccordingtoFigure2,whichofthefollowinggraphsbestrepresentstheelevations,inmetersabovesealevel,ofthetopofthelakeclaylayeratTestSites1and2?

5.GreatSaltLakeisfedmainlyby3tributaryriversthatdepositlargeamountsofmineralsintoitswaters.Thelakeissaltybecauseithasnooutflowforwaterotherthanevaporation,whichispredominatelymineral-free.Iflocaltemperaturesweretodecreasesignificantly,whilefreshwaterrainweretoincreasesignificantly,whatwouldbethelikelyresultingchangetothesalinityoftheGreatSaltLake?

A.Salinitywoulddecrease.

B.Salinitywouldincrease.

C.Salinitywouldremainthesame.

D.Salinitycannotbepredicted.

ACT-8-2

TheorderLepidopteraincludesbutterfliesandmoths.Table1isakeyforidentifyingsomeLepidopterainNorthAmerica.

Table2describes4LepidopterathatwereseeninNorthAmerica.

6.Table1isusedtoidentifyanimalsthatbelongtowhichofthefollowinggroups?

F.Birds

G.Reptiles

H.Insects

J.Mammals

7.Basedontheinformationprovided,theLepidopteralistedinTable1thatismostcloselyrelatedtoAgraulisvanillaemostlikelyhaswhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?

A.Fuzzybody.

B.Wingsareorangewithblackmarkings.

C.Hindwingshavepronouncedspots.

D.Greenmarblingonundersideofwings.

8.BasedonTable1,whichofthefollowingtraitsof

LepidopteraYindicatesthatitisNOTaSpeyeriacoronis?

F.Slimbody.

G.Yellowuppersideofwings,withmarkings.

H.Triangular,silvermarkingsontheundersideofwings.

J.Round,elongatedsilvermarkingsontheundersideofwings.

9.TheresultsfromTable1forLepidopteraWandLepidopteraZfirstdivergeatwhichofthefollowingsteps?

A.Step1.

B.Step3.

C.Step7.

D.Step8.

10.AccordingtoTable1,AutomerisioandAntheraeapolyphemusbothhavewhichofthefollowingtraits?

F.Pronouncedspotonhindwings.

G.Roundmarkingsontheundersideofbody.

H.Awingspanof5–8cm.

J.Slimbodies.

ACT-8-3

Amercurythermometer,ataninitialtemperatureof20◦C,wasplacedin40◦Cwater,andthetemperatureregisteredbythethermometerwasrecordedovertime.Thisprocedurewasrepeatedusingwatersamplesat50◦Cand60◦C（seeFigure1）.Next,thesamethermometer,ataninitialtemperatureof60◦C,wasplacedinanairsampleat50◦C,andthetemperatureregisteredbythethermometerwasrecordedovertime.Thisprocedurewasrepeatedusingairsamplesat30◦Cand40◦C（seeFigure2）.

11.BasedonFigure1,at3.0sec,thethermometerreadinginthe40◦Cwatermostlikelywasclosesttowhichofthefollowing?

A.47◦C.

B.42◦C.

C.36◦C.

D.31◦C.

12.AccordingtoFigure2,foranairtemperatureof30◦C,overwhichofthefollowingtimeintervalswasthethermometerreadingchangingmostrapidly?

F.0–100sec.

G.100–200sec.

H.200–300sec.

J.300–400sec.

13.Whenthethermometerwasinthe40◦Cwater,inthetimeintervalbetween0secand2sec,approximatelyhowrapidly,in◦C/sec,wasthetemperatureregisteredbythethermometerchanging?

A.1◦C/sec.

B.5◦C/sec.

C.10◦C/sec.

D.40◦C/sec.

14.BasedonFigure2,ifthethermometer,ataninitialtemperatureof60◦C,hadbeenplacedinanairsampleat20◦C,howlongwoulditmostlikelyhavetakenthethermometerreadingtoreach20◦C?

F.Lessthan10sec.

G.Between10and50sec.

H.Between50and100sec.

J.Greaterthan100sec.

15.Accordingtothepassage,atwhichofthefollowingdidthethermometerregisterthehighestreading?

A.Watertemperature60◦,4.0sec.

B.Watertemperature60◦,2.0sec.

C.Watertemperature50◦,4.0sec.

D.Watertemperature50◦,2.0sec.

ACT-8-4

Clinicalresearchhasbecomeanimportantelementinthedevelopmentofmodernmedicine.Perhapsoneofthemostwidely-debatedissuesintoday’sclinicalresearchistheuseofplacebos,treatmentsbelievedtobebiologicallyineffectivebutusedanywayforpsychologicalorexperimentalpurposes;anexampleofaplaceboisasugarpill,whichcontainsnomedication.Intherealmofclinicalresearch,placebosareusedtoestablishacontrolgroupwithinthepoolofresearchparticipants.Acertainpercentageofresearchpatientsareadministeredthetesttreatment,andanotherpercentageisadministeredaplacebotreatment.Patientsarenotinformedofwhichpercentagetheyareapart.Forvariousreasons,theuseofplacebosinclinicalresearchisacontroversialissue.Twoscientistsdebatewhethertheuseofplacebosisagoodorbadpracticeinresearch.

Scientist1

Placebosareanimportantaspectofclinicalresearchformanyreasons.Notonlydotheyestablishacontrolgroupforthetesttreatmentinquestion,buttheyalsohelpaddresstheissueofmindovermatter,whichisanimportantissuewhenworkingtowardstreatmentforaparticularillness.Thebodyisapowerfullifeforce,withnaturalrecuperativeabilities.Aplaceboencouragessuchrecuperation.Placebosalsoaddressthepsychologicalaspectofillness.Becausepatientsareunawareofwhethertheyarereceivingtreatmentoraplacebo,thepossibilityofreceivingtreatmentoftenprovidespatientswithapsychologicalboost.Theuseofplacebosaddressesthequestionofwhetheraperson’spositiveattitudemaybeimportantinrecoveryfromillness.Asaresult,theplaceboeffect—achangeinthepatient’sconditionduetotheideaoftreatment,ratherthanitsbiologicaleffectiveness—maybeameasurablechangeinbehaviorasaresultofthebeliefintreatment.Forboththeirphysicalandpsychologicalbenefits,placebosshouldbeusedinclinicalresearch.

Scientist2

Therearemanyreasonswhyplacebosshouldn’tbeusedinclinicalresearch.Forexample,placebosencouragedeceptioninthedoctor-patientrelationship.Becausethisrelationshipiscrucialtotheconfidenceofboththedoctorandthepatient,andthereforetheoverallsuccessofthepatient’sinvolvementinastudy,placebosnotonlydeceivepatients,butcanalsohaveanadverseaffectonresearchresults.Placebosalsoviolatepatients’autonomy,ortheirrighttochoosetreatment.Whiletheycanchoosetobeinvolvedinastudy,patientsareunabletoselecttheirowncourseoftreatmentbecauseitchosenforthem.Somearguethattheplaceboisworthitsimplementationinordertoevaluatefortheoccurrenceoftheplaceboeffect.However,suchactionmayskewtheresultsofthestudy.Forexample,placebo-relatedchangescouldbeover-estimated.Differentillnesses,bydefinition,willreactdifferentlytotheplacebo.Forexample,intheinstanceofchronicpainormooddisorders,it’spossibleforpatientstoshowspontaneousimprovement.Theplaceboeffectcanalsoresultfromcontactwithdoctorsorarespectedprofessional.Patientsarevulnerabletotheirenvironment,whichsignificantlyaffectsthepsychologicalresultsoftheplacebo.Duetoitscapabilitytoskewresearchresults,theplaceboshouldn’tbeusedinclinicalresearch.

16.Whichofthefollowingismostconsistentwiththereasonssupportingtheuseofplacebosinclinicalresearch?

Manypatientsadministeredaplaceboduringastudy:

F.founditverydifficulttotrusttheirvariousmedicalprofessionals.

G.founditmucheasiertodealwiththeirillnessduetothesupportoftheirdoctorsandmedicalteam.

H.experiencedaheighteningintheiroverallconfidenceandwillingnesstobeattheirillnesses.

J.enjoyednophysicalimprovementswhileparticipatinginthestudy.

17.AccordingtoScientist1’sviewpoint,theplaceboeffectoftenrevealsinthepatient:

A.anegativechangeinbehaviorleadingtoaworseningofthepatient’scondition.

B.apositivechangeinbehaviorleadingtorecoveryfromtheillness.

C.anegativechangeinbehaviorleadingtoalossoffaithindoctors.

D.nodiscernablechangeinbehavior.

18.Accordingtothepassage,bothScientistsagreethat:

F.theimplementationoftheplaceboisworthwhilefortheevaluationoftheplaceboeffect.

G.theuseofplaceboscancausetheplaceboeffectinpatients.

H.fewpati