08重庆大学博士英语考试试题.docx

08重庆大学博士英语考试试题.docx

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08重庆大学博士英语考试试题

08重庆大学博士英语考试试题

2008年重庆大学博士入学考试英语试卷

（TimeLimit:

180minutes）

PartI:

ReadingComprehension40%

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiventoanswerthequestionsortocompletethestatementsthatfolloweachpassage.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

Problemsanddiscouragementswillfacetheleader,buthecanovercomethemwithstayingpower.Itseemsasifmanyoftheworld’sfamouspeoplefacedsomeofthegreatestdifficultiesand

discouragementsincarryingouttheirvisions.

ChristopherColumbus,forinstance,concludedfromtheinformationheacquiredfromhistravelsandfromstudyingchartsandmaps,thattheearthwasroundandthathecouldreachAsiabysailingwest.Butheneededapatrontofinancesuchanexpedition.HefirsttriedJohnII.,KingofPortugal,withoutsuccess,andthen,theCountofMedinaCeliinSpain.TheCountencouragedColumbusfortwoyears,butneveractuallyprovidedhimwiththemoneyandsuppliesheneeded.FerdinandandIsabella,KingandQueenofCastileinSpain,werethencontacted.AreviewofColumbus’plansbyacommitteeappointedbythequeenresultedintheconclusionthathisideaswerevainandimpractical.Buttheykepttalking.

Afterabetterpartofadecadeoftryingtofindapatron,Columbuswasindespair,buthedidn’tstop.Hehadstayingpower.Hebelievedinhismission,butheheldoutforhightermsfromFerdinandandIsabella.Heaskedthattherankofadmiralbebestowedonhimrightawayandthathebemadeviceroyofallthatheshoulddiscover.Inaddition,hewouldreceiveone-tenthofallthepreciousmetalsdiscoveredwithinhisadmiralty.Hisconditionswererejectedandnegotiationswereagaininterrupted.ColumbusleftforFrance.However,thequeenhadachangeofmindandsentforhim.InApril,1492,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtosubsidizetheexpeditiononColumbus’terms.Itwasn’tuntil12,OctoberthattheylandedonNorthAmerica.

ColumbusdidnotvisittheGrandKhanofCathayashehadhoped.Buthediddiscovertwonewcontinents.Hewassuccessfulbecausehehadstayingpower.

1.WhatwastheattitudeofthekingandqueenofCastiletowardColumbus’planofexpedition?

A.Concerned

B.Indifferent

C.Optimistic

D.Disapproval

2.WhofinallypatronizedColumbus?

A.CountofMedianCeli

B.JohnII,KingofPortugal

C.KingandqueenofSpain

D.KingandqueenofCastile

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementswasnotmentionedinthepassage?

A.Columbuswantedtosharewhatheshoulddiscover.

B.Columbusfirmlydemandedthathebethecommanderofthevoyagefleet.

C.ThekingandqueenofCastiledidn’tacceptColumbustermsattheverybeginning.

D.Columbusgotfinancialhelpfromthequeenbecausehegaveuphishighterms.

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4.TheauthortakesthestoryofColumbusasanexampletoshowthat__________.

A.Leadersneedstayingpower.

B.Columbushadenoughstayingpower.

C.Onecan’tdowithoutsayingpower.

D.Stayingpowercannotensuresuccess.

5.Whatdoestheword“vision”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.sight

B.television

C.futureplan

D.imagination

PassageTwo

Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations.Thisincludesincreasingsuchpopularquantitativemeasuresassalesrevenues,numberofemployees,andmarketshare.Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.

Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,

productioncapacity,orworkforce.Nootherfirmsareacquiredormergedwith;instead,thecompanychoosestogrowbyitselfthroughitsownbusinessoperations.Forinstance,McDonald’s

haspursuedagrowthstrategybywayofdirectexpansion.Thecompanyhasgrownbyawardingfranchises（经营许可）topeoplewhoarewillingtobetrainedintheMcDonald’swayandby

openingcompany-ownedoutlets.

Acompanymightalsochoosetogrowbyverticalintegration,whichisanattempttogaincontrolofinput（backwardverticalintegration）,output（forwardverticalintegration）,orboth.Inbackwardverticalintegration,theorganizationattemptstogaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.Forinstance,UnitedAirlineshascreateditsownin-flightfoodservicebusiness.Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs（productsorservices）bybecomingitsowndistributor.Forexample,GatewayComputer’sretailstoresareanexampleof

anorganizationcontrollingitsdistribution.

Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry―thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.Forinstance,H,J,Heinz,Inc.,thefood-processingcompany,combinedoperationswithanorganicbabyfoodcompany,Earth’s

Best,tohelpitsownHeinzbabyfoodsdivisionbecomemorecompetitive.Becausecombiningwithcompetitorsmightdecreasetheamountofcompetitioninanindustry,theU.S.FederalTradeCommissionassessestheimpactofsuchproposedgrowthactionandmustapproveanyproposedhorizontalintegrationstrategy.Othercountrieshavesimilarrestrictions.

Finally,anorganizationcangrowthroughdiversification,eitherrelatedorunrelated.Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries.Forexample,AmericanStandardCos.isinavarietyofbusinessesincludingbathroomfixtures,air-conditioningandheatingunits,plumbingparts,andbrakesfortrucks.Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.Forexample,LancasterColonyCorporationmakessaladdressing,carmatsandcandles.Theseindustriesaredifferentandunrelated.6.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

A.HowMcDonald’shasbecomesuccessful.

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B.Howcompanieshavebecomesuccessful.

C.Howcompaniescandeveloptheirbusinesses.

D.Howcompaniescompetewitheachother.

7.Whatis“directexpansion”?

A.Acompanydevelopsitsownbusinessintoabiggerscale.

B.Acompanyacquiresanothercompany.

C.Acompanymergeswithanothercompany.

D.Acompanygrowswithoutincreasingitsworkforce.

8.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueof“verticalintegration”?

A.Acompanyattemptstosupplyitsowninputs.

B.Acompanyattemptstosellitsownproducts.

C.Acompanyattemptstoprovideservice.

D.Acompanyattemptstoenteranotherindustry.

9.Ifacompanyadoptsthemethodof“horizontalintegration”,itattemptsto__________.

A.acquireaverydifferentcompany

B.acquireasimilarcompany

C.acquireasalescompany

D.acquireadistributioncompany

10.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisclosestinmeaningtotheword“diversification”?

A.mergingwithoracquiringfirms

B.eitherrelatedorunrelated

C.avarietyofbusinesses

D.acompanygrows

PassageThree

InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools，surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademic

instruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents（答问卷者）listed"togivechildrenagood

startacademically"asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented（强调

个性发展的）Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.

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LikeinAmerican,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.

SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren'schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.

11.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve__________.

A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.

B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultofitsscientificachievements.

C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.

D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.

12.MostAmericanssurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto_____.

A.problemsolving

B.g