08重庆大学博士英语考试试题.docx

1、08重庆大学博士英语考试试题08重庆大学博士英语考试试题2008年重庆大学博士入学考试英语试卷 (Time Limit: 180 minutes) Part I: Reading Comprehension 40 % Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. W

2、rite your answer on your Answer Sheet. Passage One Problems and discouragements will face the leader, but he can overcome them with staying power. It seems as if many of the worlds famous people faced some of the greatest difficulties and discouragements in carrying out their visions. Christopher Co

3、lumbus, for instance, concluded from the information he acquired from his travels and from studying charts and maps, that the earth was round and that he could reach Asia by sailing west. But he needed a patron to finance such an expedition. He first tried John II., King of Portugal, without success

4、, and then, the Count of Medina Celi in Spain. The Count encouraged Columbus for two years, but never actually provided him with the money and supplies he needed. Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile in Spain, were then contacted. A review of Columbus plans by a committee appointed by t

5、he queen resulted in the conclusion that his ideas were vain and impractical. But they kept talking. After a better part of a decade of trying to find a patron, Columbus was in despair, but he didnt stop. He had staying power. He believed in his mission, but he held out for high terms from Ferdinand

6、 and Isabella. He asked that the rank of admiral be bestowed on him right away and that he be made viceroy of all that he should discover. In addition, he would receive one-tenth of all the precious metals discovered within his admiralty. His conditions were rejected and negotiations were again inte

7、rrupted. Columbus left for France. However, the queen had a change of mind and sent for him. In April, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to subsidize the expedition on Columbus terms. It wasnt until 12, October that they landed on North America. Columbus did not visit the Grand Khan of Cathay as h

8、e had hoped. But he did discover two new continents. He was successful because he had staying power. 1. What was the attitude of the king and queen of Castile toward Columbus plan of expedition? A. Concerned B. Indifferent C. Optimistic D. Disapproval 2. Who finally patronized Columbus? A. Count of

9、Median Celi B. John II, King of Portugal C. King and queen of Spain D. King and queen of Castile 3. Which of the following statements was not mentioned in the passage? A. Columbus wanted to share what he should discover. B. Columbus firmly demanded that he be the commander of the voyage fleet. C. Th

10、e king and queen of Castile didnt accept Columbus terms at the very beginning. D. Columbus got financial help from the queen because he gave up his high terms. 1 4. The author takes the story of Columbus as an example to show that _. A. Leaders need staying power. B. Columbus had enough staying powe

11、r. C. One cant do without saying power. D. Staying power cannot ensure success. 5. What does the word “vision” in the first paragraph most probably mean? A. sight B. television C. future plan D. imagination Passage Two The growth strategy is a corporate-level strategy that seeks to increase the leve

12、l of the organizations operations. This includes increasing such popular quantitative measures as sales revenues, number of employees, and market share. Growth can be achieved through direct expansion, vertical integration, horizontal integration, or diversification. Growth through direct expansion

13、is achieved by internally increasing a firms sales, production capacity, or workforce. No other firms are acquired or merged with; instead, the company chooses to grow by itself through its own business operations. For instance, McDonalds has pursued a growth strategy by way of direct expansion. The

14、 company has grown by awarding franchises(经营许可) to people who are willing to be trained in the McDonalds way and by opening company-owned outlets. A company might also choose to grow by vertical integration, which is an attempt to gain control of input (backward vertical integration), output (forwar

15、d vertical integration), or both. In backward vertical integration, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier. For instance, United Airlines has created its own in-flight food service business. In forward vertical integration, the organization gains control

16、 of its outputs (products or services) by becoming its own distributor. For example, Gateway Computers retail stores are an example of an organization controlling its distribution. In horizontal integration, a company grows by combining with other organizations in the same industry that is, combinin

17、g operations with competitors. For instance, H,J, Heinz, Inc., the food-processing company, combined operations with an organic baby food company, Earths Best, to help its own Heinz baby foods division become more competitive. Because combining with competitors might decrease the amount of competiti

18、on in an industry, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission assesses the impact of such proposed growth action and must approve any proposed horizontal integration strategy. Other countries have similar restrictions. Finally, an organization can grow through diversification, either related or unrelated. Re

19、lated diversification is when a company grows by merging with or acquiring firms in different but related industries. For example, American Standard Cos. is in a variety of businesses including bathroom fixtures, air-conditioning and heating units, plumbing parts, and brakes for trucks. Unrelated di

20、versification is when a company grows by merging with or acquiring firms in different and unrelated industries. For example, Lancaster Colony Corporation makes salad dressing, car mats and candles. These industries are different and unrelated. 6. What is this passage mainly about? A. How McDonalds h

21、as become successful. 2 B. How companies have become successful. C. How companies can develop their businesses. D. How companies compete with each other. 7. What is “direct expansion”? A. A company develops its own business into a bigger scale. B. A company acquires another company. C. A company mer

22、ges with another company. D. A company grows without increasing its workforce. 8. Which of the following is not true of “vertical integration”? A. A company attempts to supply its own inputs. B. A company attempts to sell its own products. C. A company attempts to provide service. D. A company attem

23、pts to enter another industry. 9. If a company adopts the method of “horizontal integration”, it attempts to _ . A. acquire a very different company B. acquire a similar company C. acquire a sales company D. acquire a distribution company 10. Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to t

24、he word “diversification”? A. merging with or acquiring firms B. either related or unrelated C. a variety of businesses D. a company grows Passage Three In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement

25、 and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools，surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teache

26、rs, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者) listed to give children a good start academically as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half

27、 the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member

28、 of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents. In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a so

29、ciety to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education. 3 Like in Ame

30、rican, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary school. Some Japanese parents

31、believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese

32、 kindergartens. 11. We learn from the first paragraph that many American believe _ . A. Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents. B. Japans economic success is a result of its scientific achievements. C. Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction. D. Japans higher education is superior to theirs. 12. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to _ . A. problem solving B. g