大学英语4级辅导材料.docx

大学英语4级辅导材料.docx

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大学英语4级辅导材料

大学英语四级考试

辅导资料

（改革题型）

阅

读

SectionB

专

题

阅读SectionB模拟训练

（二）

PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

GoodThingsCometoThoseWhoActivelyWait

A）Inhighlyvolatilemarkets,acompany’ssuccessorfailureisoftenattributedtoluck.Turbulentmarketsthrowoutopportunitieswhosetiming,natureandmagnitudemanagerscanneitherpredictnorcontrol.Thesameholdstrueforthreats.Insuchacompetitivecasino,youplaceyourbetsandhopeforthebest.Itisbettertobeluckythangood.

B）ForthepastsixyearsIhavestudiedmorethan20pairsofcomparablecompaniesinunpredictableindustriessuchastelecommunications,airlinesandenterprisesoftwareandincountriessuchasChinaandBrazil.Bypairingsimilarcompanies,Ishowedhowtheyrespondeddifferentlytothesameunforeseenthreatsandopportunities.

C）Ifoundthemoresuccessfulcompanieswereluckier,inthesensethattimeandagaintheyrespondedmoreeffectivelytounexpectedshiftsinregulation,technology,competition,macroeconomicsorothervolatilefactors.Suchluckistooimportanttoleavetochance.Themostsuccessfulcompaniesexemplified“activewaiting”,anapproachtostrategyinhighlyunpredictablemarketsthatconsistsofanticipatingandpreparingforopportunitiesandthreatsthatexecutivescanneitherfullypredictnorcontrol.

D）Butallopportunitiesarenotequal.Involatilemarkets,companiesfacecountlesssmallandmid-sizedopportunitiesandtheperiodicgoldenopportunity–achancetocreatevaluedisproportionate（不相称的）toresourcesinvestedinashortperiodoftime.Typicalgoldenopportunitiesincludeacquisitionofalargecompetitortogainglobalscale,suchastheRoyalBankofScotland’sacquisitionofNatWest;explosivedemandinanemergingmarketsuchasChinaorIndia;orpioneeringanewproductorservicesuchastheiPod.

E）Goldenopportunitiesoccuronlywhenexternalcircumstancesthrowopenseveralwindowsofopportunityatthesametime.Considertheopportunityformiddleware–softwarethatlinksacompany’sapplications–whichIBMandBEAconvertedintobillion-dollarbusinesses.Severaldevelopmentsoccurredatonce:

theinternetcreateddemandforsoftwarethatcouldgetapplicationstotalktooneanother;availabletechnologywasuptothetask;earlyleaderssuchasNCRandNovellweredistractedbyothermarkets;thepaucity（少量）ofventurecapitalfundingpreventedmanystart-upschasingthesamemarket.

F）Timingiseverythinginthesecircumstances.HadIBMorBEAenteredthemarketayearortwoearlier,customers’painwouldhavebeenlessacuteandthetechnologyfixlessdeveloped.Afewyearslater,andnewentrantsflushwithventurecapitalcashmighthaveestablishedalead.

G）Managerscanneitherpredictnorcontrolgoldenopportunities.Buttheycanpreparetheircompaniestocapitalizeononewhenitarrives.Thetrickliesnotinheroiceffortsinthemiddleofgoldenopportunity,butinthequietactionstakenduringperiodsofrelativecalmbetweenthestorms.

H）Keeptheprioritiesclear:

Inunpredictablemarkets,managersoftentrytohedgeagainsteverypossiblecontingency（突发状况）byrunningcountlessexperimentsandlaunchingaflurryofnewinitiatives.Thisisabigmistake.Employeesandmanagersareoverwhelmedbymultiple,oftenconflicting,priorities.Inattemptingtopursuetoomanyprioritiessimultaneously,executivesdissipate（浪费）resourcesandhinderco-ordinationacrossunits.Managersmustexerciseruthlessdisciplineinchoosingasmallnumberofobjectivestopursuefirst,puttingothervalidconcernstoonesideforthetimebeing.Equallyimportant,theymustdecidewhattostopdoingtofreeuptime,attentionandresourcestomakesurethetrulycriticalobjectivesaremet.

I）Conductreconnaissance（事前考察）intothefuture:

Prudentexecutiveswillconsciouslytakestepstoinvestigateafoggyfuture.First,theyshouldsendoutprobesinafewdirectionstobroadenthesearchforopportunitiesratherthanstakingeverythingonasinglewayforward.Exploratoryforaysincludeinvestinginorpartneringwithstart-ups,orrunningsmall-scaleexperimentstotestthemarket.Second,whenconductingreconnaissance,managersmustremainalerttoanomalies（反常）–newinformationthatsurprisesthemorconflictswithexpectations.Inturbulentmarkets,amanager’smentalmapquicklybecomesoutdated,andanomaliesprovidecluesastowherethemapiswrong.

J）Keepareserve:

Duringperiodsofrelativecalm,executivesshouldbuildawarchestofcashtodeployquicklywhenagoldenopportunityemerges.Thisrequiresrestraint.Spreadingacompany’schipsacrosstoomanyprobesordoublingdownontoomanybetsatthesametimeleaveslittlecashinreservewhenabigopportunitycomesalong.Toavoidthisrisk,seniorexecutivesshouldscrutinize（详查）thecompany’sresourceallocationprocess,capthenumberofprobes,andincreaseinvestmentonlyafterexplicitevaluation.

K）Keepthetroopsbattle-ready:

Duringperiodsofactivewaiting,executivesmustpushthroughoperationalimprovements–cuttingcosts,strengtheningdistribution,improvingproducts.Moreefficientrivalscansurvivestormsthatdrownrivals.Operatingimprovementsduringthelulls（暂时平静）contributetothewarchest,butalsobuildthecredibilityrequiredtoseizethegoldenopportunity.TheRoyalBankofScotland,forexample,wonNatWestbecausetheScottishbank’strackrecordofexecutionconvincedthecapitalmarketsthatitwasthebuyermostlikelytomakethedealwork.

L）Declarethemaineffort:

Oneofthegreatestchallengesinactivewaitingisdecidingwhentocommitreservesandgoforbroke（孤注一掷）.Periodically,executivesencounteranopportunityorthreatsoimportantthatitdemandsthecompany’sfullfocus.Declaringitthemaineffortcreatesasenseofurgency,focusestheorganization,prioritizesresourceallocationandlaysthegroundworkforcoordinatedeffort.Yetmanyexecutivessaythatthiswasthemostdifficultdecisiontheyevermade.Playingitsafeintheshorttermcanprovehazardousinthelongterm.Companiesthatpassoneverygoldenopportunitywilleventuallyfindthemselveseclipsed（遮蔽，使失色）byplayersthatcanbothwaitactivelyandstrikedecisively.

M）Fortunefavorsthewellprepared:

Inunpredictablemarkets,goodluckistooimportanttoleavetochance.Byactivelywaitinginthelullsbetweenmajoropportunitiesandthreats,managerscanincreasetheiroddsofseizingthemoment.

46.Managersshouldinvestigatethefuturetosearchforopportunitiesandidentifygapsinthemarket.

47.Periodicgoldenopportunityisagoodchanceforcompaniestoquicklycreatemorevaluethanresourcesinvested.

48.Bymakingoperationalimprovementsduringperiodsofactivewaiting,youcanraiseenoughmoneyandcredibilitytoseizethegoldenopportunity.

49.Managersshouldsetasideenoughmoneytofundmajoropportunitieswhentheyemergeratherthanspendtoomuchmoneyontoomanysmallerones.

50.Althoughgoldenopportunitiesareunpredictableanduncontrollable,managerscanpreparetheircompaniestocatchonewhenitcomes.

51.Severaldevelopmentsoccurredatthesametimebringingallkindsofopportunitiesamongwhichgoldenopportunitiesemerge.

52.Declarethatanopportunityisyourcompany’smaineffortinordertoseizeitfasterthanrivals.

53.Successfulcompanieswereusuallyluckierinhighlyunpredictablemarkets,whichshowedgoodexamplesof“activewaiting”.

54.Managersmustchooseasmallnumberofobjectivestopursuefirstanddecidewhattogiveuptosavetime,attentionandresourcesforthosetrulycriticaltasks.

55.IBMorBEAenteredtheITmarketjustintimetoestablishalead.

阅读SectionB模拟训练（三）

PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

HowDangerousAreSwans?

A）Sinceancienttimesandinmanycountriestheswanhasbeenasymbolofgracefulnessandafavoritemotifformusic,art,literatureandlegends.InGreekmythology,ZeusintheformofaswancourtedLedaandfatheredApollo.OneofWagner'soperasiswovenaroundtheoldGermanstoryofLohengrin,theknightoftheswan."SwanLake"isthefamousballetbyTschaikovsky.Thosehugebirdsfloatlikegreatwhiteflowersonthewater.Theirextremelylongsnakynecksallowthemtoreachdeepdownandfeedontherootsandstemsofunderwaterplantsortobehoistedhighlikeperiscopestospyoverthecountry.

B）However,atnestingtimeswansusuallybecomeaggressive.Habitatswithabundantfoodandwithsuitablenestingsitesmaybehighlyfoughtover.Thoseintrudingontheirterritory,includinglargewildfowl,landmammalsandpeople,maybewardedoffwithanaggressivelyfastswimmingapproachoftenaccompaniedwithhissingandbuskingwhichisathreatdisplaywheretheswansneckiscurvedbackanditswingsarehalfraised.Muteswanstendtousethepoweroftheirwingstoattackratherthantheirbeaks.Muteswansoftendefendinpairs,saysJuliaNewth,research