计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论.docx
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计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论
ChapterOne
Bit比特:
BinaryDigit
BitPatterns:
Astringofbits
Gate门电路:
Adevice(装置)thatcomputesaBooleanoperation
Flip-flop触发器:
Acircuitbuiltfromgatesthatcanstoreonebit.
MainMemory内存:
bitreservoir,alargecollectionofcircuitsforthepurposeofstoringdata
Cell:
Aunitofmainmemory(typically8bitswhichisonebyte字节)
RandomAccessMemory(RAM):
(随机访问存储器)Memoryinwhichindividualcellscanbeeasilyaccessedinanyorder
DynamicRandomAccessMemory(DRAM):
(动态RAM)RAMcomposedofvolatilememory.Towit,itisthememorystoresthebitsastinyelectriccharges,whichneedrefreshingrepeatlymangtimesinasecond.Inrecognitionofthisvolatility,memoryconstructedfromsuchtechnologyiscallDRAM.
SRAMStaticRandomAccessMemory一种具有静止存取功能的内存,不需要刷新电路即能保存它内部存储的数据。
不像DRAM内存那样需要刷新电路,每隔一段时间,固定要对DRAM刷新充电一次,否则内部的数据即会消失,因此SRAM具有较高的性能,但是SRAM也有它的缺点,即它的集成度较低,相同容量的DRAM内存可以设计为较小的体积,但是SRAM却需要很大的体积
MassStorageSystems大容量存储系统:
Additionalmemorydevices,includingMagneticSystems、Disk、Tape、OpticalSystems(视觉系统)、CD、DVDandFlashDrives。
File文件:
Aunitofdatastoredinmassstoragesystem
Buffer(缓冲区):
Amemoryareausedforthetemporarystorageofdata(usuallyasastepintransferringthedata)
USBuniversalserialbus通用串行总线
ISOTheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization国际标准化组织aworldwidefederationofsrandardizationbodies各国标准化团体(ISO成员团体)组成的世界性的联合会。
ASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange
ChapterTwo
ComputerArchitecture计算机体系结构Computerarchitectureincomputerengineeringistheconceptualdesignandfundamentaloperationalstructureofacomputersystem.
CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)orprocessor中央处理器:
thecircuitryinacomputerthatcontrolsthemanipulationofdata.ACPUconsistofArithmetic/LogicunitandControlunit.(算术/逻辑单元和控制单元)
Registers寄存器CellsinCPUfortemporarystorageofinformation.
General-purposeregister通用寄存器
Special-purposeregister特殊寄存器
Bus总线:
acollectionofwiresconnectingCPUandmainmemoryforthepurposeoftranferringbitpatterns.
Storedprogramconcept程序存储概念:
theideaofstoringacomputer’sprograminitsmainmemory.
Motherboard主板centralcircuitboardinsomecomplexelectronicsystems
ReducedInstructionSetComputer(RISC)精简指令集计算机
ComplexInstructionSetComputer(CISC)复杂指令集计算机
Op-coder操作码theelementaryoperations
Operand操作数moredetailedinformationabouttheoperation,usuallyrefertowherethedatatobestoredandwhichmemorycellistoreceivethedata.
Machine’sinstructionscategories机器语言指令类型:
(ps网上没有查到所谓的总线的类型,估计以下三个也就是了)
DataTransfer(数据传输):
copydatafromonelocationtoanother
Arithmetic/Logic(算术逻辑指令):
useexistingbitpatternstocomputeanewbitpatterns
Control(控制指令):
directtheexecutionoftheprogram
Theoverallexecutioniscontrolledbytwospecial-purposeregisters
Programcounter(程序计数器):
addressofnextinstruction
Instructionregister(指令寄存器):
currentinstruction
MachineCycle机器周期thethree-stepprocessinwhichtheconrelunitperformsitsjobbycontinuallyrepeatinganguidingalgorithm,includingFetch取值Decode解码Execute执行
机器周期流程:
首先在Fecth阶段,CPU的控制单元(controlunit)根据程序计数器(programcounter)所指的内存地址,把将要执行的指令从内存取过来存在指令寄存器(instructionregister),然后让程序计数器指向储存下一个指令的地址;然后在Decode阶段,把指令寄存器里面的指令解码,知道指令的内容;最后在Execute阶段,根据指令内容执行。
指令内容执行完毕以后,机器周期重新有Fetch开始。
ChapterThree
Opertatingsystem操作系统thesoftwatethatcontrolstheoveralloperationofacomputer
FunctionsofOperatingSystems操作系统的功能
Overseeoperationofcomputer管理计算机操作
Storeandretrievefiles存取文件
Scheduleprogramsforexecution调度可执行程序
Coordinatetheexecutionofprograms协调程序的执行
EvolutionofSharedComputing分时计算的发展
Batchprocessing批处理theexecutionofjobsbycollectingtheminasinglebatch,themexecutingthemwithoutfurtherinteractionwiththeuser
Interactiveprocessing互动处理aprogrambeingexecutedtocarryonadialoguewiththeuserthroughremoteterminals.Thisrequiresreal-timeprocessing,whichmeansthecomputershouldperformthetaskquicklyenoughtokeepupwithactivitiesinrealworld.
Time-sharing分时thetechniqueofdividingtimeintoinervalsandthemrestrictingtheexecutionofajobtoonlyoneintervalatatiome
Multitasking多任务(其实就是分时)theillusionofmorethanonetaskbeingperformedsimultaneously,implementedbyMultiprogramming
Multiprocessormachines多处理器计算机
Applicationsoftware应用软件softwareconsistingofprogramsforperformingspecifictasksforusers.
Systemsoftware系统软件softwareperformingthosetasksthatarecommontocomputersystemsingeneral,whichmeansprovidinginfrastructure(底层)forapplicationsoftware
Systemsoftwareconsistsofoperatingsystemandutilitysoftware操作系统和实用软件
OperatingSystemComponents操作系统的组成
Shell壳:
theportionofanoperationsystemthathandlesthecommunicateswithusers,includingtextbased&graphicaluserinterface(GUI)
Kernel核心:
theinternalpartperformingbasicrequiredfunctions
Filemanager文件管理
Devicedrivers设备驱动
Memorymanager内存管理
Additionalcomponentsofkernelarescheduleranddispatcher调度程序和控制程序
GUIgraphicaluserinterface图形用户界面objectsarerepresentedpictorially,andusercanissuecommandsbypointingandclicking
Directory(orFolder)文件夹abundleoffiles
DirectoryPath(目录路径)achainofdirectorieswithindirectories
ROMRead-OnlyMemory只读内存
Bootstrap引导程序:
PrograminROM
AutomaticallyrunbytheCPUwhenpoweristurnedon
Transfersoperatingsystemfrommassstoragetomainmemory
Executesjumptooperatingsystem
Program程序:
aseriesofcodedsoftwareinstructionstocontroltheoperationofacomputerorothermachine
Process进程:
Theactivityofexecutingaprogram执行一个程序的活动
ProcessState进程状态:
Currentstatusoftheactivity进程状态是在这一时刻机器的一个快照。
Processtable进程表theschedulermaintainsablockofinformationinmainmemory.Eachexecutingprogramhasitsownentry,containingtheinformationofthepriorityoftheprocessandwhethertheprocessisreadyorwaiting.
有关分时系统:
系统把时间分成一个个小段,成为timeslice时间片(不超过50毫秒),CPU在不同时间片处理不同的进程,这样就是分时处理。
在时间片之间的interrupt(中断),CPU会进行processswitch(进程转换)。
Programcounter程序计数器(程序当前所在的位置)
一个程序可同时与多个进程有关联。
进程的基本状态:
ready(就绪thisprocesscancontinue),running(运行),wait(等待currentlydelayed).
Deadlock死锁Processesblockeachotherfromcontinuing
ChapterFour
Network网alinkedcomputersysteminwhichconputersareconnectedsothatdatacanbetranferredfrommachinetomachine
NetworkClassifications网络的分类:
Scope按范围分
Localareanetwork(LAN)局域网acollectionofcomputersinasinglebuildingorbuildingcomplex
Metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)城域网anetworkofintermediatesize
Wideareanetwork(WAN)广域网anetworklinkingmachinesoveragreaterdistance
Ownership按所有权分
Closedversusopen封闭与开放(简单理解就是外网和内网)
Topology(configuration)按拓扑结构分
Ring圆型machineareconnectedinacircularfashion
Bus(Ethernet)总线型machinesallconnectedtoacommoncommunicationline
Star(WirelessnetworkswithcentralAccessPoint)星型onemachineservesasacentralfocalpointtowhichalltheothersareconnected
Protocols协议rulesestablishedtoconductnetworkactivities
Ethernet以太网asetofstandardsforimplementingaLANwithabustopology
internet互联网networksareconnectedinamannertobuildupanetworkofnetwork.
TheInternet因特网:
Aninternetthatspanstheworld
互联网(internet)是由多个网络互连而成的计算机网,网络互连需要遵循一定的协议(Protocol),例如:
国际标准化组织(ISO)的开放系统互连参考模型(OSI-RM),美国电气与电子工程师学会的IEEE802标准,美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)的TCP/IP协议,……等。
因特网(Internet)是由美国国防部ARPA网演变而来的、采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网(internet)。
ThemostnotableexampleofaninternetisInternet.
CSMA/CD
CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetection有冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问协议
CSMA/CA有冲突避免检测的载波侦听多路访问协议
ACM美国计算机协会(AssociationofComputingMachinery)
InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)美国电气和电子工程师协会
ConnectingNetworks:
Repeater(中继器):
adevicethatconnectstwobusestoformasinglelongbus,noanalysing
Bridge(网桥):
Connectstwocompatiblenetworks,allowscommunicationwithinonside
Switch(交换机):
Connectseveralcompatible(兼容)networks
Router(路由器):
Connectstwocompatible/incompatiblenetworks,resultinginanetworkofnetworkscalledaninternet(两个网络不相容有两种情况,协议不同和地址表示形式不同,但两种路由器都可以解决)
Inter-processCommunication进程交流communicationbetweenprocesseswhichexecuteonthedifferentcomputerswithinanetwork
C/SClient-server客户/服务器acilentmakesrequestsofotheprocesses,aserversatisfiestherequestsmadebycilents
Peer-to-peer(P2P)对等网betweentwopeers,twoprocessescommunicateequally,howeverthiscommunicationisoftemporarybasis
B/S结构(Browser/Server结构)结构即浏览器和服务器结构。
它是随着Internet技术的兴起,对C/S结构的一种变化或者改进的结构。
DistributedSystems分布式系统:
Systemswithpartsthatrunondifferentcomputers
InternetServiceProvider(ISP)互联网服务提供商allowcustomerstoconnecttheirdomainstotheInternetviatheISP’sequipmentortobecomeapartofadomainalredyestablishedbytheISP.
AccessISP(接入服务商):
ProvidesconnectivitytotheInternet
IPaddressIP地址addressinmnemonicform即(xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)
Domainnames域名addressinbit-patternform主机名.子域名.顶级域名(top-leveldomain)例如
Domainnamesystem(DNS)域名系统systemtoconvertaddressesinmnemonicformintotheirequivalentbit-patternform.(NameserversDNSlookup)
InternetCorporationforAssignedNames&Numbers(ICANN)互联网名称与数字地址分配机构
AllocatesIPaddressestoISPswhothenassignthoseaddresseswithintheirregions.
Overseestheregistrationofdomainsanddomainnames.
FileTransferProtocol(FTP)文件传输协议acilent/serverprotocolfortransferringfilesacrosstheInternet
Telnet远程登录aprotocolsystemthatwasestablishedforallowingcomputeruserstoaccesscomputersfromgreatdistance.
SSHSecureShell安全外壳协议acommunicationsystemthatofferssolutiontosecureproblems.(简单地说,就是把传输的数据加密)
Hypertext超文本textdocumentsthatcontainedlinks(hyperlinks)tootherdocuments
WWWWorldWideWeb万维网Theweb