计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论.docx

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计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论

ChapterOne

Bit比特:

BinaryDigit

BitPatterns:

Astringofbits

Gate门电路:

Adevice(装置)thatcomputesaBooleanoperation

Flip-flop触发器:

Acircuitbuiltfromgatesthatcanstoreonebit.

MainMemory内存:

bitreservoir,alargecollectionofcircuitsforthepurposeofstoringdata

Cell:

Aunitofmainmemory(typically8bitswhichisonebyte字节)

RandomAccessMemory(RAM):

(随机访问存储器)Memoryinwhichindividualcellscanbeeasilyaccessedinanyorder

DynamicRandomAccessMemory(DRAM):

(动态RAM)RAMcomposedofvolatilememory.Towit,itisthememorystoresthebitsastinyelectriccharges,whichneedrefreshingrepeatlymangtimesinasecond.Inrecognitionofthisvolatility,memoryconstructedfromsuchtechnologyiscallDRAM.

SRAMStaticRandomAccessMemory一种具有静止存取功能的内存,不需要刷新电路即能保存它内部存储的数据。

不像DRAM内存那样需要刷新电路,每隔一段时间,固定要对DRAM刷新充电一次,否则内部的数据即会消失,因此SRAM具有较高的性能,但是SRAM也有它的缺点,即它的集成度较低,相同容量的DRAM内存可以设计为较小的体积,但是SRAM却需要很大的体积

MassStorageSystems大容量存储系统:

Additionalmemorydevices,includingMagneticSystems、Disk、Tape、OpticalSystems(视觉系统)、CD、DVDandFlashDrives。

File文件:

Aunitofdatastoredinmassstoragesystem

Buffer(缓冲区):

Amemoryareausedforthetemporarystorageofdata(usuallyasastepintransferringthedata)

USBuniversalserialbus通用串行总线

ISOTheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization国际标准化组织aworldwidefederationofsrandardizationbodies各国标准化团体(ISO成员团体)组成的世界性的联合会。

ASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange

ChapterTwo

ComputerArchitecture计算机体系结构Computerarchitectureincomputerengineeringistheconceptualdesignandfundamentaloperationalstructureofacomputersystem.

CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)orprocessor中央处理器:

thecircuitryinacomputerthatcontrolsthemanipulationofdata.ACPUconsistofArithmetic/LogicunitandControlunit.(算术/逻辑单元和控制单元)

Registers寄存器CellsinCPUfortemporarystorageofinformation.

General-purposeregister通用寄存器

Special-purposeregister特殊寄存器

Bus总线:

acollectionofwiresconnectingCPUandmainmemoryforthepurposeoftranferringbitpatterns.

Storedprogramconcept程序存储概念:

theideaofstoringacomputer’sprograminitsmainmemory.

Motherboard主板centralcircuitboardinsomecomplexelectronicsystems

ReducedInstructionSetComputer(RISC)精简指令集计算机

ComplexInstructionSetComputer(CISC)复杂指令集计算机

Op-coder操作码theelementaryoperations

Operand操作数moredetailedinformationabouttheoperation,usuallyrefertowherethedatatobestoredandwhichmemorycellistoreceivethedata.

Machine’sinstructionscategories机器语言指令类型:

(ps网上没有查到所谓的总线的类型,估计以下三个也就是了)

DataTransfer(数据传输):

copydatafromonelocationtoanother

Arithmetic/Logic(算术逻辑指令):

useexistingbitpatternstocomputeanewbitpatterns

Control(控制指令):

directtheexecutionoftheprogram

Theoverallexecutioniscontrolledbytwospecial-purposeregisters

Programcounter(程序计数器):

addressofnextinstruction

Instructionregister(指令寄存器):

currentinstruction

MachineCycle机器周期thethree-stepprocessinwhichtheconrelunitperformsitsjobbycontinuallyrepeatinganguidingalgorithm,includingFetch取值Decode解码Execute执行

机器周期流程:

首先在Fecth阶段,CPU的控制单元(controlunit)根据程序计数器(programcounter)所指的内存地址,把将要执行的指令从内存取过来存在指令寄存器(instructionregister),然后让程序计数器指向储存下一个指令的地址;然后在Decode阶段,把指令寄存器里面的指令解码,知道指令的内容;最后在Execute阶段,根据指令内容执行。

指令内容执行完毕以后,机器周期重新有Fetch开始。

ChapterThree

Opertatingsystem操作系统thesoftwatethatcontrolstheoveralloperationofacomputer

FunctionsofOperatingSystems操作系统的功能

Overseeoperationofcomputer管理计算机操作

Storeandretrievefiles存取文件

Scheduleprogramsforexecution调度可执行程序

Coordinatetheexecutionofprograms协调程序的执行

EvolutionofSharedComputing分时计算的发展

Batchprocessing批处理theexecutionofjobsbycollectingtheminasinglebatch,themexecutingthemwithoutfurtherinteractionwiththeuser

Interactiveprocessing互动处理aprogrambeingexecutedtocarryonadialoguewiththeuserthroughremoteterminals.Thisrequiresreal-timeprocessing,whichmeansthecomputershouldperformthetaskquicklyenoughtokeepupwithactivitiesinrealworld.

Time-sharing分时thetechniqueofdividingtimeintoinervalsandthemrestrictingtheexecutionofajobtoonlyoneintervalatatiome

Multitasking多任务(其实就是分时)theillusionofmorethanonetaskbeingperformedsimultaneously,implementedbyMultiprogramming

Multiprocessormachines多处理器计算机

Applicationsoftware应用软件softwareconsistingofprogramsforperformingspecifictasksforusers.

Systemsoftware系统软件softwareperformingthosetasksthatarecommontocomputersystemsingeneral,whichmeansprovidinginfrastructure(底层)forapplicationsoftware

Systemsoftwareconsistsofoperatingsystemandutilitysoftware操作系统和实用软件

OperatingSystemComponents操作系统的组成

Shell壳:

theportionofanoperationsystemthathandlesthecommunicateswithusers,includingtextbased&graphicaluserinterface(GUI)

Kernel核心:

theinternalpartperformingbasicrequiredfunctions

Filemanager文件管理

Devicedrivers设备驱动

Memorymanager内存管理

Additionalcomponentsofkernelarescheduleranddispatcher调度程序和控制程序

GUIgraphicaluserinterface图形用户界面objectsarerepresentedpictorially,andusercanissuecommandsbypointingandclicking

Directory(orFolder)文件夹abundleoffiles

DirectoryPath(目录路径)achainofdirectorieswithindirectories

ROMRead-OnlyMemory只读内存

Bootstrap引导程序:

PrograminROM

AutomaticallyrunbytheCPUwhenpoweristurnedon

Transfersoperatingsystemfrommassstoragetomainmemory

Executesjumptooperatingsystem

Program程序:

aseriesofcodedsoftwareinstructionstocontroltheoperationofacomputerorothermachine

Process进程:

Theactivityofexecutingaprogram执行一个程序的活动

ProcessState进程状态:

Currentstatusoftheactivity进程状态是在这一时刻机器的一个快照。

Processtable进程表theschedulermaintainsablockofinformationinmainmemory.Eachexecutingprogramhasitsownentry,containingtheinformationofthepriorityoftheprocessandwhethertheprocessisreadyorwaiting.

有关分时系统:

系统把时间分成一个个小段,成为timeslice时间片(不超过50毫秒),CPU在不同时间片处理不同的进程,这样就是分时处理。

在时间片之间的interrupt(中断),CPU会进行processswitch(进程转换)。

Programcounter程序计数器(程序当前所在的位置)

一个程序可同时与多个进程有关联。

进程的基本状态:

ready(就绪thisprocesscancontinue),running(运行),wait(等待currentlydelayed).

Deadlock死锁Processesblockeachotherfromcontinuing

ChapterFour

Network网alinkedcomputersysteminwhichconputersareconnectedsothatdatacanbetranferredfrommachinetomachine

NetworkClassifications网络的分类:

Scope按范围分

Localareanetwork(LAN)局域网acollectionofcomputersinasinglebuildingorbuildingcomplex

Metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)城域网anetworkofintermediatesize

Wideareanetwork(WAN)广域网anetworklinkingmachinesoveragreaterdistance

Ownership按所有权分

Closedversusopen封闭与开放(简单理解就是外网和内网)

Topology(configuration)按拓扑结构分

Ring圆型machineareconnectedinacircularfashion

Bus(Ethernet)总线型machinesallconnectedtoacommoncommunicationline

Star(WirelessnetworkswithcentralAccessPoint)星型onemachineservesasacentralfocalpointtowhichalltheothersareconnected

Protocols协议rulesestablishedtoconductnetworkactivities

Ethernet以太网asetofstandardsforimplementingaLANwithabustopology

internet互联网networksareconnectedinamannertobuildupanetworkofnetwork.

TheInternet因特网:

Aninternetthatspanstheworld

互联网(internet)是由多个网络互连而成的计算机网,网络互连需要遵循一定的协议(Protocol),例如:

国际标准化组织(ISO)的开放系统互连参考模型(OSI-RM),美国电气与电子工程师学会的IEEE802标准,美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)的TCP/IP协议,……等。

因特网(Internet)是由美国国防部ARPA网演变而来的、采用TCP/IP协议的一种互联网(internet)。

ThemostnotableexampleofaninternetisInternet.

CSMA/CD

CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetection有冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问协议

CSMA/CA有冲突避免检测的载波侦听多路访问协议

ACM美国计算机协会(AssociationofComputingMachinery)

InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)美国电气和电子工程师协会

ConnectingNetworks:

Repeater(中继器):

adevicethatconnectstwobusestoformasinglelongbus,noanalysing

Bridge(网桥):

Connectstwocompatiblenetworks,allowscommunicationwithinonside

Switch(交换机):

Connectseveralcompatible(兼容)networks

Router(路由器):

Connectstwocompatible/incompatiblenetworks,resultinginanetworkofnetworkscalledaninternet(两个网络不相容有两种情况,协议不同和地址表示形式不同,但两种路由器都可以解决)

Inter-processCommunication进程交流communicationbetweenprocesseswhichexecuteonthedifferentcomputerswithinanetwork

C/SClient-server客户/服务器acilentmakesrequestsofotheprocesses,aserversatisfiestherequestsmadebycilents

Peer-to-peer(P2P)对等网betweentwopeers,twoprocessescommunicateequally,howeverthiscommunicationisoftemporarybasis

B/S结构(Browser/Server结构)结构即浏览器和服务器结构。

它是随着Internet技术的兴起,对C/S结构的一种变化或者改进的结构。

DistributedSystems分布式系统:

Systemswithpartsthatrunondifferentcomputers

InternetServiceProvider(ISP)互联网服务提供商allowcustomerstoconnecttheirdomainstotheInternetviatheISP’sequipmentortobecomeapartofadomainalredyestablishedbytheISP.

AccessISP(接入服务商):

ProvidesconnectivitytotheInternet

IPaddressIP地址addressinmnemonicform即(xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)

Domainnames域名addressinbit-patternform主机名.子域名.顶级域名(top-leveldomain)例如

Domainnamesystem(DNS)域名系统systemtoconvertaddressesinmnemonicformintotheirequivalentbit-patternform.(NameserversDNSlookup)

InternetCorporationforAssignedNames&Numbers(ICANN)互联网名称与数字地址分配机构

AllocatesIPaddressestoISPswhothenassignthoseaddresseswithintheirregions.

Overseestheregistrationofdomainsanddomainnames.

FileTransferProtocol(FTP)文件传输协议acilent/serverprotocolfortransferringfilesacrosstheInternet

Telnet远程登录aprotocolsystemthatwasestablishedforallowingcomputeruserstoaccesscomputersfromgreatdistance.

SSHSecureShell安全外壳协议acommunicationsystemthatofferssolutiontosecureproblems.(简单地说,就是把传输的数据加密)

Hypertext超文本textdocumentsthatcontainedlinks(hyperlinks)tootherdocuments

WWWWorldWideWeb万维网Theweb

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