计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论.docx

1、计算机概论复习提纲计算机导论Chapter OneBit比特: Binary Digit Bit Patterns:A string of bitsGate 门电路: A device （装置）that computes a Boolean operationFlip-flop 触发器: A circuit built from gates that can store one bit.Main Memory 内存: bit reservoir,a large collection of circuits for the purpose of storing dataCell: A unit

2、of main memory (typically 8 bits which is one byte字节)Random Access Memory (RAM): (随机访问存储器)Memory in which individual cells can be easily accessed in any orderDynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): (动态RAM) RAM composed of volatile memory.To wit ,it is the memory stores the bits as tiny electric charges

3、,which need refreshing repeatly mang times in a second.In recognition of this volatility,memory constructed from such technology is call DRAM.SRAM Static Random Access Memory 一种具有静止存取功能的内存，不需要刷新电路即能保存它内部存储的数据。不像DRAM内存那样需要刷新电路，每隔一段时间，固定要对DRAM刷新充电一次，否则内部的数据即会消失，因此SRAM具有较高的性能，但是SRAM也有它的缺点，即它的集成度较低，相同容量

4、的DRAM内存可以设计为较小的体积，但是SRAM却需要很大的体积Mass Storage Systems大容量存储系统：Additional memory devices,including Magnetic Systems、Disk、Tape、Optical Systems(视觉系统)、CD、DVD and Flash Drives。File 文件: A unit of data stored in mass storage systemBuffer(缓冲区): A memory area used for the temporary storage of data (usually as

5、a step in transferring the data) USB universal serial bus 通用串行总线ISO The International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织 a worldwide federation of srandardization bodies各国标准化团体（ISO成员团体）组成的世界性的联合会。ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Chapter TwoComputer Architecture 计算机体系结构C

6、omputer architecture in computer engineering is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system.Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor中央处理器:the circuitry in a computer that controls the manipulation of data. A CPU consist of Arithmetic/Logic unit and Control unit

7、.(算术/逻辑单元 和 控制单元)Registers 寄存器 Cells in CPU for temporary storage of information.General-purpose register通用寄存器 Special-purpose register特殊寄存器Bus 总线:a collection of wires connecting CPU and main memory for the purpose of tranferring bit patterns.Stored program concept 程序存储概念:the idea of storing a comp

8、uters program in its main memory.Motherboard 主板central circuit board in some complex electronic systemsReduced Instruction Set Computer(RISC)精简指令集计算机Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)复杂指令集计算机Op-coder 操作码 the elementary operationsOperand 操作数 more detailed information about the operation，usually

9、refer to where the data to be stored and which memory cell is to receive the data.Machines instructions categories机器语言指令类型：（ps 网上没有查到所谓的总线的类型，估计以下三个也就是了）Data Transfer(数据传输): copy data from one location to anotherArithmetic/Logic (算术逻辑指令) : use existing bit patterns to compute a new bit patternsContr

10、ol (控制指令) : direct the execution of the programThe overall execution is controlled by two special-purpose registersProgram counter(程序计数器): address of next instructionInstruction register(指令寄存器): current instructionMachine Cycle机器周期 the three-step process in which the conrel unit performs its job by

11、continually repeating an guiding algorithm,including Fetch 取值 Decode 解码Execute 执行机器周期流程：首先在Fecth阶段，CPU的控制单元（control unit）根据程序计数器（program counter） 所指的内存地址，把将要执行的指令从内存取过来存在指令寄存器（instruction register），然后让程序计数器指向储存下一个指令的地址；然后在Decode阶段，把指令寄存器里面的指令解码，知道指令的内容；最后在Execute阶段，根据指令内容执行。指令内容执行完毕以后，机器周期重新有Fetch开始

12、。Chapter ThreeOpertating system 操作系统 the softwate that controls the overall operation of a computerFunctions of Operating Systems 操作系统的功能Oversee operation of computer管理计算机操作Store and retrieve files存取文件Schedule programs for execution调度可执行程序Coordinate the execution of programs协调程序的执行Evolution of Share

13、d Computing分时计算的发展Batch processing批处理 the execution of jobs by collecting them in a single batch,them executing them without further interaction with the userInteractive processing互动处理 a program being executed to carry on a dialogue with the user through remote terminals.This requires real-time proc

14、essing,which means the computer should perform the task quickly enough to keep up with activities in real world.Time-sharing分时 the technique of dividing time into inervals and them restricting the execution of a job to only one interval at a tiomeMultitasking多任务(其实就是分时) the illusion of more than one

15、 task being performed simultaneously,implemented by MultiprogrammingMultiprocessor machines多处理器计算机Application software应用软件 software consisting of programs for performing specific tasks for users.System software系统软件 software performing those tasks that are common to computer systems in general,which

16、means providing infrastructure(底层) for application softwareSystem software consists of operating system and utility software操作系统和实用软件Operating System Components 操作系统的组成Shell 壳: the portion of an operation system that handles the communicates with users,including text based & graphical user interface

17、 (GUI)Kernel 核心: the internal part performing basic required functionsFile manager文件管理Device drivers设备驱动Memory manager内存管理Additional components of kernel are scheduler and dispatcher调度程序和控制程序GUI graphical user interface 图形用户界面 objects are represented pictorially,and user can issue commands by pointi

18、ng and clickingDirectory (or Folder)文件夹 a bundle of filesDirectory Path(目录路径) a chain of directories within directoriesROM Read-Only Memory 只读内存 Bootstrap引导程序: Program in ROM Automatically run by the CPU when power is turned onTransfers operating system from mass storage to main memoryExecutes jump

19、to operating systemProgram 程序:a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machineProcess 进程: The activity of executing a program执行一个程序的活动Process State 进程状态: Current status of the activity进程状态是在这一时刻机器的一个快照。Process table 进程表 the scheduler maintains a block o

20、f information in main memory.Each executing program has its own entry,containing the information of the priority of the process and whether the process is ready or waiting.有关分时系统：系统把时间分成一个个小段，成为time slice时间片（不超过50毫秒），CPU在不同时间片处理不同的进程，这样就是分时处理。在时间片之间的interrupt（中断），CPU会进行process switch（进程转换）。Program c

21、ounter程序计数器(程序当前所在的位置)一个程序可同时与多个进程有关联。进程的基本状态：ready(就绪 this process can continue),running(运行),wait(等待currently delayed). Deadlock死锁Processes block each other from continuingChapter FourNetwork 网 a linked computer system in which conputers are connected so that data can be tranferred from machine to

22、machineNetwork Classifications网络的分类:Scope按范围分Local area network (LAN)局域网 a collection of computers in a single building or building complexMetropolitan area network (MAN)城域网 a network of intermediate sizeWide area network (WAN)广域网 a network linking machines over a greater distanceOwnership按所有权分Close

23、d versus open封闭与开放 (简单理解就是外网和内网)Topology (configuration)按拓扑结构分Ring 圆型 machine are connected in a circular fashionBus (Ethernet)总线型 machines all connected to a common communication lineStar (Wireless networks with central Access Point)星型one machine serves as a central focal point to which all the oth

24、ers are connectedProtocols 协议 rules established to conduct network activitiesEthernet 以太网 a set of standards for implementing a LAN with a bus topologyinternet 互联网 networks are connected in a manner to build up a network of network.The Internet 因特网: An internet that spans the world互联网 (internet) 是由多

25、个网络互连而成的计算机网，网络互连需要遵循一定的协议(Protocol)，例如：国际标准化组织 (ISO) 的开放系统互连参考模型 (OSI-RM)，美国电气与电子工程师学会的 IEEE 802 标准，美国国防部高级研究计划局 (DARPA) 的 TCP/IP 协议，等。因特网 (Internet) 是由美国国防部 ARPA 网演变而来的、采用 TCP/IP 协议的一种互联网 (internet)。The most notable example of an internet is Internet.CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Coll

26、ision Detection 有冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问协议CSMA/CA有冲突避免检测的载波侦听多路访问协议ACM美国计算机协会(Association of Computing Machinery)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 美国电气和电子工程师协会Connecting Networks：Repeater(中继器): a device that connects two buses to form a single long bus,no analysingBridge(网桥): Connects t

27、wo compatible networks,allows communication within onsideSwitch(交换机): Connect several compatible(兼容) networksRouter(路由器): Connects two compatible/incompatible networks, resulting in a network of networks called an internet(两个网络不相容有两种情况，协议不同和地址表示形式不同，但两种路由器都可以解决)Inter-process Communication进程交流 commun

28、ication between processes which execute on the different computers within a networkC/S Client-server客户/服务器 a cilent makes requests of othe processes,a server satisfies the requests made by cilentsPeer-to-peer (P2P)对等网 between two peers,two processes communicate equally,however this communication is

29、of temporary basisB/S结构（Browser/Server结构）结构即浏览器和服务器结构。它是随着Internet技术的兴起，对C/S结构的一种变化或者改进的结构。Distributed Systems分布式系统:Systems with parts that run on different computersInternet Service Provider (ISP) 互联网服务提供商 allow customers to connect their domains to the Internet via the ISPs equipment or to become

30、a part of a domain alredy established by the ISP.Access ISP(接入服务商): Provides connectivity to the InternetIP address IP地址 address in mnemonic form 即 ( xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)Domain names 域名 address in bit-pattern form 主机名.子域名.顶级域名(top-level domain) 例如 Domain name system (DNS) 域名系统 system to convert addresse

31、s in mnemonic form into their equivalent bit-pattern form. ( Name servers DNS lookup)Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN) 互联网名称与数字地址分配机构 Allocates IP addresses to ISPs who then assign those addresses within their regions.Oversees the registration of domains and domain names.File

32、 Transfer Protocol (FTP)文件传输协议 a cilent/server protocol for transferring files across the InternetTelnet 远程登录 a protocol system that was established for allowing computer users to access computers from great distance.SSH Secure Shell 安全外壳协议a communication system that offers solution to secure problems.（简单地说，就是把传输的数据加密）Hypertext 超文本 text documents that contained links (hyperlinks) to other documentsWWW World Wide Web 万维网 The web