跨文化交际教案Culture and Language.docx

跨文化交际教案Culture and Language.docx

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跨文化交际教案CultureandLanguage

LanguageandCulture

byYouZeshun

SectionOne:

AnIntroductiontoLanguageandCulture

Objectives:

●Understandwhyweneedtolearnforeignlanguages

●Understandwhyweneedtolearnforeigncultures

●Understandthechronologicaldevelopmentofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudies

1.1WhyForeignLanguageandForeignCulture?

•LaoTze:

Lettherebeasmallcountrywithfewpeople…Thoughneighboringcommunitiesoverlookoneanotherandthecrowingofcocksandbarkingofdogscanbeheard,yetthepeopletheremaygrowoldanddiewithoutevervisitingoneanother---aself-sufficientandisolatedvillage

•MarshallMcluhan:

aglobalvillage

1.2TheNecessityofInterculturalCommunicationStudies:

•Theincreaseofcommunication:

（1）Technologicaldevelopment;

（2）Globalizationoftheeconomy;

（3）Widespreadpopulationmigrations;

（4）DevelopmentofMulticulturalism.

•Misunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesspeakingthesamelanguage

1.3InterculturalCommunication（AnOverview）

•Thedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunicationsstudiesabroad

（1）Theburgeoningperiod:

In1958,TheUglyAmerican（byLedererandBurdicks）culturalawareness;In1959,TheSilentlanguage（byEwardT.Hall）“Interculturalcommunication”[Traditionalanthropologystudytocomparativeculturalstudy;Macroperspectivetomicroperspective;culturetocommunication;Theapplicationofresultsofinterculturalstudiestointerculturalcommunicationtrainingandinternationalbusinessetc.].TheHiddenDimension（1966）,BeyondCulture（1976）,TheDanceofLife（1984）,UnderstandingCulturalDifferences（1989）;

（2）From1960to1970:

KluckhohnandStrodtbecks[discourseonculturalvalueorientation;CultureandCommunication（Oliver,1966）,Asianphilosophyandcommunicationbehaviorfromrhetoricalperspective;CommunicationandCulture（Smith,1966）,essaysonhumancommunicationcoveringthirteentypesofcommunicationstudies;in1966,thefirstclassofinterculturalcommunicationstudiesinUniversityofPittsburgh;Conferencerelatedtointerculturalcommunicationstudies[1968,TheFirstInternationalConferenceoftheSpeech-CommunicationArtsandSciences;1969,TheSecondInternationalConferenceoftheSpeech-CommunicationArtsandSciences;JournalsrelatedtoInterculturalCommunicationStudies[SpeechEducation;Communication].

（3）From1971to1980:

In1970[TheIntercultural-internationalSpeechCommunicationYear],theestablishmentofTheInternationalCommunicationAssociationandCommunicationYearbook,TheCommissionforInternationalandInterculturalCommunicationandInternationalandInterculturalCommunicationAnnual;In1972,TheFirstInternationalConferenceofInterculturalCommunicationStudies;Samovar,InterculturalCommunication:

AReader（1972/1973）.

（4）From1981toPresent:

Studiesoninterculturalcommunicationmushroom

•InterculturalCommunicationStudiesinChina:

（1）1983,HeDaokuan,AnIntroductiontoaNewFieldofStudy---Cross-CulturalCommunication;1985,HuWenzhong,CommunicationBetweenCulturesandForeignLanguageTeaching;1988,InterculturalCommunicationandEnglishLearning;1990,InterculturalCommunication:

AReader;1994,CultureandCommunication;1995,DictionaryofBritishandAmericanCulture.

ConferencesandOtherDevelopment:

（2）1995,TheFifthInternationalSymposiumonInterculturalCommunicationStudies,Ha’erbinandtheestablishmentofChinaAssociationofInterculturalCommunicationStudies.

（3）Upto1995,courseofinterculturalcommunicationinfiveuniversitiesinChina;variousbooksandarticlesconcerninginterculturalstudiespublished.

SectionTwo:

Communication,CultureandInterculturalCommunication

Objectives:

●Understandsuchtermsascommunication,culture,andinterculturalcommunication

●Understandthestepsandthetypesofcommunication

●Understandthefunctionsandcharacteristicofculture

●Understandtheformsofinterculturalcommunication

2.1Communication

•Stepsinthecommunicationprocess:

（1）behaviorsource---thespeaker;

（2）encoding---theinternalactivitiesofthespeakerwhenorganizingthemessage;（3）message---theresultoftheencodingisamessageonceitissendandreceived;（4）channel---thephysicalmediumwithwhichthemessageistransferred;（5）responder---thepersonwhoreceivesandrespondstothespeaker’smessage;（6）decoding---theinternalactivitiesoftheresponderwhendecodingthemessage;（7）theactiontakenbytheresponder,includingmakingresponseormakingnoresponse,afterdecoding;（8）feedback---theresponseisafeedbackonceitisreceivedbythespeaker.

•Factorscontributingtocommunication:

（1）personalelements---stable[sex,age,personality,profession,socialstatus,education,andexperience]andunstableelements[intention,feeling,identity,etc];

（2）non-personalelements---time,place,occasion,etc.

•Communicationdefined:

（1）ProfessorFrankDanceWisconsinUniversity:

126definitions;

（2）Samovar:

Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson---verbalbehaviorandnonverbalbehavior,behaviorresidue,intentionalandunintentional,feedbackandno-feedback（One-waycommunication）

•Typesofcommunication:

（1）verbalandnonverbal[symbol];

（2）directandindirect[medium];

（3）two-wayandone-way[feedback];

（4）one/group-to-oneandone/group-to-group[numbersofbehaviorsourceandresponders];

（5）directedandnon-directed[stableresponder];

（6）intentionalandunintentional[messagesendingofthebehaviorsource];

（7）activeandpassive[messagereceivingoftheresponder];

（8）simultaneousandnon-simultaneous[timeofcommunication].

2.2Culture

•QiYucun,（1992）:

250definitions.

•EdwardTaylor,anthropologist:

Cultureisacomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.

•Itcanbeasetoffundamentalideas,practices,andexperiencesofagroupofpeoplethataresymbolicallytransmittedgenerationtogenerationthroughalearningprocess.

•Itmayrefertobeliefs,norms,andattitudesthatareusedtoguideourbehaviorsandtosolvehumanproblems.

•Itcanbeviewedasasystemofexpressivepracticesandmutualmeaningsassociatedwithourbehavior;itcanbedividedintofourlevels[theresultofmaterialproduction,productiverelations,thevisibleproductofspiritualcivilization,andtheinvisibleproductofspiritualcivilization],orthreelevels[highculture,popularculture,anddeepculture],ortwolevels[CulturewithabigCandculturewithasmallc],etc.

•AWorkingDefinition:

（1）Fromtheperspectiveoftheevolutionanddevelopmentofthecultureandthedistributionofthehumanbeing,culturecanbeconsideredas“thecomprehensivefeatureswhichdifferoneethnicgroupfromanother”；

（2）Itcanbefurtherdefinedas“thecomprehensivefeaturesthatdifferonegroupfromanother”[ethnicgroup---subgroup;culture---subculture].

2.3InterculturalCommunication

•Basedonthedefinitionofcommunication,interculturalcommunicationmaybesimplydefinedas“thatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherpersonfromanotherculture”.

•Example1:

EventhoughAndyWong’sparentsimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromTaiwanbeforehewasborn,theystillspeakChineseathomeandexpectAndyandhisbrothersandsisterstobehavelikeproperChinesechildren.BecauseAndyloveshisparentsverymuch,buthefindstheirexpectationsdifficulttofulfill.Hethinkshespeaksrespectfullytohismotherwhenhetellsherthatheisgoingoutwithhisfriendsafterdinner,buthisparentstellhimheisbeingdisrespectful.---IsAndy’scommunicationwithhispatentsintercultural,eitherbecauseAndyisveryU.S.AmericanandhisparentsareChineseorbecauseparentsandchildrenhavedifferentcultures?

•Threecontributorstosuccessfulinterculturalcommunication:

（1）thepositivefeelingwepossessattheaffectivelevel,includingaffirmation,self-esteem,comfort,trust,andsafety;

（2）thebeliefswebringintotheinterculturalencounteratthecognitivelevel,includingexpectations,stereotypes,uncertainties,andmisunderstandingofrulesorprocedures;

（3）theactionsorskillswepossessatthebehaviorallevel,includingverbalandnonverbalcommunicationskillsininterculturalsettings.

•Threeformsofinterculturalcommunication：

（1）self-centereddialogue[ethnocentrism---usingtheirownculturalstandardstojudgeandinteractwitheachother---lackofunderstandingorunwillingtounderstandculturaldifferences;

（2）dominantcentereddialogue---wellawareofculturaldifferences,buttrytoimposeone’sculturalstandardsonpeoplefromanotherculture---culturalimperialism;

（3）equaldialogue---mutualunderstandingofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesandsincereeffortstoovercometheirdifferenceonanequalbasis[successfulcommunication].

2.4InterculturalCommunicationStudies

•Significance:

Interculturalcommunicationstudies,focusedontheequaldialogue,helptoreducecommunicationbarriers,topreventinterculturalconflicts,andtopromoteinterculturalcommunication.

•Traps:

（1）Overlookthedynamicdevelopmentofculture;

（2）Mistakenlydismissfeaturesofanindividualasgroupfeatures;

（3）insufficientlyunderstandthelimitationof“culturalstereotype”.[Stereotype:

thoseovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefsweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople,suchas,Americanswalkveryfast;Americansareverystraightforwardintalking;Americanstudentsasktoomuchquestionsintheclas