Hstory outline.docx

Hstory outline.docx

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Hstoryoutline

AnOutlineofBritishHistory

TheBritishIsleshavearichhistorygoingbackthousandsofyears.Forthishistoryguide,weshalldividetheperiodofBritishhistoryintofourmainchunks,andeachofthesefourmainchunksthensubdividedintobitesizedchaptersthattrytoexplainthewaythatthingshappened.

Historyisaninterweavingofeventsandpeople,andit’snotjustaboutkingsandqueens,it’saboutordinarypeopleandhoweventsinfluencedthem,andonoccasionshowtheyinfluencedevents.

∙4000BCto1066,theDawnofCivilisationtotheNormanConquest

4000to1500BC

stoneageman,thefirstfarmers,Stonehenge

1500BCto43AD

theageofhillfortsandtheCelts

43ADto410AD

RomanBritain,theycame,theysaw,theyconquered

410to1066

theRomansleave,theAngloSaxonsarrive,theNormansconquer

∙1066to1660,theNormanConquesttoCromwell

1066to1154

theNormansconsolidatetheirconquest

1154to1485

theMiddleAges,whowantstobeking?

1485to1603

HenryVIII,ElizabethIandtheTudors

1603to1660

thedivinerightofkingstorule,thenchopofftheirheads

∙1660to1918,CromwelltotheendofWorldWarI

1660to1715

RestorationandRevolution,thebeginningofEmpire

1715to1815

TheGermanGeorgesruleBritain

1600to1783

BritaininNorthAmerica-wewouldratherforget

1815to1914

Peaceandprosperity,thegrowthofEmpire

∙Britaininthe20thCentury

1914to1918

TheFirstWorldWar,carnagewithoutacause

1918to1939

theaftereffectsofWorldWarI,theGeneralStrike

1939to1945

Hitler'sWar

1945to2000

PostWarBritain-losesanEmpire,looksforarole

Sources:

http:

//www.great-britain.co.uk/history/history.htm

Relatedpages:

EarlyBritain（before1066）

TheMiddleAges（1066-1485）

TheTudorsandStuarts（1485-1714）

TheGeorgians（1714-1837）

TheVictorianage（1837-1914）

ModernBritain（1914-present）

Chapter1EarlyBritain（before1066）

I.Pre-historicBritain（before43）

TheearliestpeoplearethoughttohavecometoBritainabout500,000yearsago.BritainandIrelandwerejoinedtoEuropeatthistime,andduringseveralIceAgesmuchofthelandwascoveredwiththickice.ThisperiodwasknownastheStoneAge,andpeopleusedstonetoolstohuntandfish.ThemeltingicecreatedtheEnglishChannelandIrishSea,formingtheislandsofBritainandIreland.Stonehengewasanancienttemplebuiltinseveralstagesbetweenabout3000BCand1300BC.

Earlysettlers（5000-55BC）

a.TheIberians（3000BC）伊比利亚人

TheIberiansaresaidtobethefirstforefathersofBritishpeople.

b.TheCelts凯尔特人

heCeltsweretribesinvadedfromEuropeafterabout800BC.Theydevelopedknowledgeofhowtomakestrongerweaponsandtoolsusingiron:

thestartoftheIronAge.Gaelic,Irish,WelshandCornishlanguagesareallconnectedtothelanguageoftheCelts.TheCeltslivinginBritainwereknownasBritons.

II.RomanBritain（43-409）

BritainwasinvadedbytheRomangovernorofFrance（thenknownasGaul）calledJuliusCaesarin55BC,buttroubleinGaulandinRomeforcedCaesartoleave.

About100yearslater（inAD43）theRomanemperorClaudiusinvadedBritainagain.TheRomansmovednorththroughEnglandandWalesbutwerestoppedbythefiercetribeswhichwerelivinginwhatisnowScotland.TheRomanemperorHadriandecidedtoestablishanorthernborderfortheRomanempirebybuildingawallguardedbyRomansoldiers:

thisisknownasHadrian'sWall.Alargepartofthiswall,andtheremainsofseveralRomancampswhichwerebuiltalongit,canbeseenifyouvisittheareaofnorthEnglandcalledNorthumberland.

ChristianitywasfirstestablishedinBritainduringthistime.EmperorConstantinemadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpirein325;therewerebishopsatLincoln,LondonandYorkfromthistime.

ManyofthemajorRomantownsstillexisttoday.SomeofthemostfamousonesincludeYork,Lincoln,Bath,London,Canterbury,Exeter,CarlisleandStAlbans.

TheRomansleftBritainin406.Theyhadruledtheareafornearly400years:

thepeoplelivingthereareknownasRomano-Britons.

Latin（thelanguageusedbytheRomans）hashadamajorinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.TheChristianchurchthroughoutEuropecontinuedtouseLatin,anditwasthechurchwhichlaterestablishedtheeducationsysteminBritain（includingtheearlyuniversitiesatOxfordandCambridge）.Romannumberscontinuetobeusedinsomeplaces,soitisagoodideatolearnhowtounderstandthem.

RomanInfluence

1.EnglandhaditsfirstrecordedhistorybyCaesar.

2.ChristianitywasintroducedtoEngland.

3.Romantownsandroadswerebuilt.

4.LatinwasintroducedtotheEnglishlanguage.（Romannumbers）

III.TheDarkAges（409-1066）

TheperiodaftertheRomansoldiersleftBritainisknownastheDarkAges.

Englandwasinvadedbydifferenttribes

1.Germaninvasion--Saxons,JutesandAngles（Angle-Saxons）

TheSaxonsattackedsouthernEnglandfromnorthernGermany.KingArthurisbelievedtohavebeenaRomano-BritonwarriorwhofoughtagainsttheseattackersinaboutAD500,althoughmanyofthestoriesaboutthistimearefictional.AswellasSaxons,othertribesfromnorthernGermanyknownasJutesandAnglesinvaded.BecausemuchofthesouthofBritainwastakenoverbytheAngles,thisareabecameknownasAngle-land（nowEngland）,andthepeoplelivingherebecameknownasAnglo-Saxons.

2.Vikings-fromnorthernEurope

VikingsfromDenmark,NorwayorSweden（asknownjustasDanes）theninvadednorthernandeasternEngland.

Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions.

Chapter2TheMiddleAges（1066-1485）

TheMiddleAges（alsoknownasmediaevalormedievalhistory）

I.NormanConquestandItsInfluence

PerhapsthemostfamousdateinBritishhistoryis1066,whenWilliamtheFirst（WilliamtheConqueror）invadedEnglandwithanarmyofsoldiersfromNormandy（innorth-westFrance）.

WilliamdefeatedtheSaxonking（Harold）attheBattleofHastings:

HastingsisatownonthesouthcoastofEngland.ThestoryoftheinvasionistoldinpicturesintheBayeuxTapestry.ThiswasthelasttimethatEnglandwassuccessfullyinvadedbyaforeignarmy.

InfluenceoftheNormanConquest

1.FeudalSystem

WilliamestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandspedupfeudalisminEngland.

WilliamconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.Thekingownedalltheland,butdividedthisbetweenbaronsandtheChurch.Thebaronshadtheirownprivatearmies,andagreedtopaytaxesandfightfortheking.Theprivatearmieswhichtheycontrolledwereledbytrainedsoldiersknownasknights,whowouldridehorsesandwearmetalsuitsofarmourtoprotectthemselvesinbattle.

Thesystemofgovernmentatthattimewasknownasthefeudalsystem.Thekingownedalltheland,butdividedthisbetweenbaronsandtheChurch.Thebaronshadtheirownprivatearmies,andagreedtopaytaxesandfightfortheking.Theylivedinhousesknownasmanors.Theprivatearmieswhichtheycontrolledwereledbytrainedsoldiersknownasknights,whowouldridehorsesandwearmetalsuitsofarmourtoprotectthemselvesinbattle.Yeomenwerefarmers,whowerefreebuthadtodosomeworkforthebaron.Serfs（peasants）wereownedbythebaronandhadtoprovidefoodinexchangefortheirsecurity-theywerenotallowedtoleavethemanorwithoutpermission.Thiscreatedaclasssystem.

2.ClassSystem

AftertheNormanConquest,asmallnumberofNormanbaronsdominatedEnglishsociety.ThegeneralrelationbetweentheNormansandtheAnglo-Saxonswasthatofmasterandservant.Feudalaristocracydevelopedandresultedintheappearanceofnobletitles.

Peoplestilltalkofanupperclass,middleclassandworkingclass,althoughthedefinitionofthesetermsisnolongerclear.

3.FrenchCulture

Theservantsimitatedtheirmastersinmattersofcustomsandfashion.Thus,theNormanculturefloweredontheEnglishsoil.

4.Language（MiddleEnglish）

TheNormanConquerorsstartedabi-linguisticperiodinEnglishhistory.TheNormanscontinuedtospeaktheirFrenchforaboutthreecenturiesaftertheconquestwhiletheirEnglishsubjectsspoketheirEnglish,whichlinguistscall‘MiddleEnglish’.

TheuseofFrenchbytheminorityNormanswasprolongedbythefactthattheNormankingsinEnglandcontinuedtoruleNormandy.

TheNormansandtheAnglo-Saxonsgraduallybecameintermingled.AfterlosingtheirterritoryontheContinent,theNormansbegantoregardEnglandastheirhomecountry.

Bytheendof14thcentury,EnglishregaineditspositionasthedominantspeechusednotonlybytheAngle-Saxonsbutbygovernmentofficialsandthelawcourt.FrenchwaspracticallynolongerusedinEngland.

II.PowerfulChurch

TheChristianchurchbecamerichandpowerfulinEnglandandWalesundertheNormans.Manychurchesandcathedralswerebuilt,includingthoseatChichesterandDurham.TheheadquartersoftheChurchinEnglandwasatCanterburyinKent.GeoffreyChaucerwroteafamouslongpoemaboutthestoriesofpeopletravellingtothetown:

thisisknownasTheCanterburyTales.

Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,artandlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.TheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.

After1054,theChurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.InordertodevelopacivilizationbasedonChristianity,theCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserveandpassontheheritageoftheRomanEm