数字电视外文翻译文献.docx

数字电视外文翻译文献.docx

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数字电视外文翻译文献

数字电视外文翻译文献

（文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译）

原文：

GingaMiddlewareandDigitalTVinLatinAmerica

GabrielBaum,UniversidadNacionaldeLaPlata

LuizFernandoG.Soares,PontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro

In2005,BrazillauncheditsdigitalTV（DTV）agenda.Itsmainpremisewastoreducethedigitaldividepresentinthecountry,givingthelowersocialclassestherighttoaccess,produce,anddistributeinformation.Asanaturalconsequence,asecondpremisestressedthegenerationoflocalITjobsandcompaniestosupporttheentireeffort.

TobringthebenefitsofDTVtothemasses,BrazildevisedtheJapanese-BrazilianterrestrialDTV（ISDB-T—theInternationalStandardforDigitalBroadcasting）,takingtheearlierISDBJapanesestandardasabase（withsomevideoandaudiocodingupdates）andintroducingtheinnovativeBrazilianmiddlewaresystem,calledGinga.

ArgentinaadoptedISDB-Tin2009withsimilarobjectivestothoseofBrazil.Sincethen,Gingahasbeenadoptedin12Latin-Americancountries.SeveralothercountriesinCentralAmericaandAfricaaretestingitaswell.

GingaMiddleware

ThemiddlewareliesbetweentheapplicationcodeandruntimeinfrastructuretoenablefastandeasydevelopmentofTVapplications.In2007,theBrazilianterrestrialDTVstandard2adoptedtheNestedContextLanguage3asitsdeclarativelanguage.Inthebeginningof2009,NCLanditsuseragent,Ginga-NCL,becamepartofISDB-TstandardsandoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion（ITU-R）BT1699Recommendation.Alsoin2009,NCLandGinga-NCLbecameanITU-TRecommendationforIPTVservices.4GingawasthefirstfreeDTVmiddleware.Ginga-NCLandNCLspecificationsareopensourceandroyaltyfree,independentofthedistributionnetworkused.NCLandGinga-NCLwereconceivedattheTeleMediaLabatPontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro（PUC-Rio）/Brazilandhavebeendesignedasajointeffort,includingLIFIALabatNationalUniversityofLaPlata（UNLP）/Argentina.

Requirements

Aimingatsocialinclusion,amiddlewaremustsupportTV（“T”）applicationssuchasT-learning,T-government,andT-health.However,socialinclusionisreachednotonlybyofferingaccesstoinformationbutalsobyprovidingknowledgeabouthowtogenerateinformation.Therefore,aDTVsystemshouldofferauser-friendlylanguagefordesigningapplicationsandservices.Thislanguageshouldbesimpleenoughtobeunderstoodandlearnedbynonexperts.Moreover,itshouldbelightweight,becauseitsinterpretermustruninlow-costreceiverswithlimitedresources.However,itshouldalsobepowerfulenoughtosupportcreativity.

Thisneedforasimple,lightweight,andexpressivelanguageledtoadeclarativedomain-specificlanguage（DSL）forTVapplicationdesign,inwhichthecomplexalgorithmicstepstoaccomplishataskarelefttothemachineandaren’tunderuserresponsibility.Thefocusonmediasynchronization（initsgeneralaspect—havinginteractivityasaparticularcase）,contentandpresentationadaptability,supportformultipledeviceexhibitions,andsupportthatwouldalsoallowforgeneratingliveDTVapplications,weretherequirementsthatguidedtheNCLdesign.

Architecture

Gingawasinitiallyproposedforterrestrialtems,butthesamearchitectureandfacilitieswerelaterappliedtoIPTV.

Figure1.TheGingaarchitecture:

（a）thegeneralarchitectureand

（b）optionalextensions.

Furthermore,themodulararchitectureofGingaalsoallowsforitsusewithothertransportsystems（suchassatelliteandcableTV）,dependingonlyonitsGingaCommonCore（Ginga-CC）subsystem.Figure1adepictstheGingacomponentsandhowtheyrelatewithothercomponentsofageneralDTVarchitecture.

TheGinga-CCsubsystemdeliversapplicationstoGinga-NCL.TheGinga-NCLpresentationengineisthelogicalsubsystemresponsibleforrunningNCLapplications.TheGingaarchitecturealsooffersoptionalextensions（seeFigure1b）.Forexample,forterrestrialDTVsystems,theGinga-Jexecutionengine（requiredforfixedreceiversandoptionalforportablereceiversinBrazil;andoptionalforallkindofreceiversinArgentina）isresponsibleforrunningJavaDTVapplications.ConnectedorBroadbandTVmightalsodefinesomeextensionstoimplementservices,suchasElectronicProgramGuidesandwidgets.IPTVspecificservices,suchasvideoondemand,datacasting,andsoon,areexamplesofotherpossibleextensions.GingaoffersNCLservicestoallextensionsthroughawell-definedAPI.

Ginga-NCLhasanopensourceGPLreferenceimplementation（www.softwarepublico.gov.br）recognizedbyITU-T.Someopensourceproductshavebeenderivedfromthisimplementation,includingLIFIAmiddleware（ginga.ar）forset-topboxes（http:

//tvd.lifia.info.unlp.edu.ar/ginga.ar）andNokiamiddlewareformobilephones（48850?

clickSource=search&pos=2）.TherearealsosomeotherproprietaryGingaimplementations.AlthoughtherearemanyGingaimplementations,somestillworrythatamonopolycouldbecreatedforthemarketofGinga,mainlyresultingfromitspossibleextensions.Thisshouldbestronglyopposed.

Impact

GingahashelpedcreatemanyjobsandITcompaniesinBrazil—atleast13smallandmedium-sizesoftwarecompaniesand60serviceproviders.TVmanufacturershavebeenmerelyassemblersofmultinationalcompaniesinthecountry,butnowthey’reobligedtoestablishlocaldevelopmentsectionstoincorporatethetechnologicalinnovationsbeingcreated.AsforBrazilianprivate（commercial）broadcasters,they’renotcommittedtosocialinclusion.Ofcourse,thisscenariocausessometensions,whichcanonlybeovercomewithastrongandresponsiblegovernmentpolicyandstrongtechnicalsupportfromacademia.

InArgentina,aroundadozencompanieshaveshowninterestindevelopingapplicationsorservicesbasedonGinga,andsomehavedevelopedproducts.Inaddition,someacademiclaboratories—mainlyLIFIAandtheUniversityof3deFebrero,withthesupportoftheMinistryofFederalPlanning—havedevelopedtechnologicalinnovationsandinteractiveapplicationsbasedonGinga.IfArgentinacanturnLIFIA’s“ginga.ar”freeimplementation（basedonthePUC-Rio’sreferenceimplementation）intoadefactoproduct,thenitcanprovideaplatformonwhichITcompaniescoulddevelopnewproductsandservices.

ContentDistribution

Therighttodistributecontentisanimportantcomponentofsocialinclusion,yetprivate（commercial）broadcasterswon’ttransmitsocialthird-partycontentforfree.Perhapsstateandfederalgovernmentscouldpayforsometransmissionsoflarge-scaleinterest,butindependentproducers,suchascommunityTVprogrammers,can’taffordtodistributetheircontent.Publicbroadcastingcouldbeasolution.AlthoughtheprocessofdigitalizationforpublicbroadcastersinBrazilisbehindschedule,theprocesshascurrentlystarted,sothere’shope.

TheArgentinianprogramisheavilybasedonpublicmedia,suchasPublicTVandotherchannelslike“Encuentro”and“INCAATV.”Althoughseveralprivatebroadcastershavejoinedtheinitiative,theproductionofcontentisbeingledbythefederalgovernment,promotingtheproductionofcontenttostrengthenanddemocratizecommunication.

Nevertheless,anotheralternativefordemocratizingcontentdistributioncomesfromIPnetworks—inparticular,theInternet（seewww.iptv.brinitiative）.GingaisaninternationalstandardnotonlyforterrestrialDTVbutalsoforIPTVservicesandthusforhybridDTV.

Ginga-NCLcanembedlanguageplayersbutcanalsobeembeddedinotherlanguageplayers—forexample,actingasaplug-inforHTML-5browsers.AnNCLapplicationcanbeembeddedinanHTMLapplicationand,atthesametime,itcanembedanotherHTMLapplication.AworkinthisdirectionhasjustbeenfinishedforFirefoxandChrome;andhasalreadybeenstartedforHBBTV（HybridBroadcastBroadbandTV）andLIME/BML（LightweightInteractiveMultimediaEnvironment）.

SeveralissuesareunderconsiderationforthenextgenerationoftheNCLlanguage,suchashigh-levelabstractionsfordefiningrelationships,bettersupportforcontext-awareapplications,andsupportformultimodalinteractionsand3Dobjects.NovelissuesforGinga-CCarealsobeingconsideredtokeepGingaasacompetitiveDTVmiddlewareintheworldmarket.

References

1.L.F.G.Soares,R.F.Rodrigues,andM.F.Moreno,“Ginga-NCL:

TheDeclarativeEnvironmentoftheBrazilianDigitalTVSystem,”J.BrazilianComputerSoc.,vol.12,no.4,2007,pp.37–46.

2.ABNTNBR15606-2,Ginga-NCLforFixedandMobileReceivers—XMLApplicationLanguageforApplicationCoding,2nded.,BrazilianNat’lStandardsOrganization,2011.

3.L.F.G.Soaresetal.,“Ginga-NCL:

DeclarativeMiddlewareforMultimediaIPTVServices,”IEEEComm.Magazine,vol.48,no.6,2010,pp.74–81.

4.NestedContextLanguage（NCL）andGinga-NCLforIPTVServices,ITU-TRecommendationH.761,Apr.2009.

GabrielBaumisaprofessorofinformaticsattheUniversidadNacionaldeLaPlata.Contacthimatgbaum@sol.lifia.info.unlp.edu.ar.

LuizFernandoGomesSoaresisafullprofessoratthePontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiro.He’salsothemainarchitectofGinga,co-editoroftheITU-TH.761RecommendationforIPTVServices,andchairoftheBrazilian

译文：

银河中间件和在拉美地区的数字电视

Gabriel鲍姆大学国立deLaPlata

LuizFernandoG.Soares，教廷天主教大学的里约热内卢

2005年，巴西推出数字电视（DTV）议程。

其主要的前提是减少数字鸿沟存在于该国，给有权访问，生产，和分发信息的更低的社会阶层。

作为一个自然的后果，第二个前提强调代当地就业机会和公司支持的整个努力。

为了给群众带来数字电视的好处，巴西制定日本巴西地面数字电视（ISDB-T——国际标准针对数字广播）、以早些时候ISDB日本标准作为基础（与某些视频和音频的编码更新）和引进创新的巴西中间件系统，称为银河。

阿根廷通过与目标类似于那些巴西ISDB-T2009年。

从那时起，银河已在12个拉丁美洲国家。

几个中美洲和非洲其他国家以及正在测试它。

银河中间件

中间件介于应用程序代码和运行时基础结构，使电视应用程序快速、简单地开发。

2007年，巴西的地面数字电视standard2通过嵌套上下文Language3作为其声明性语言。

在2009年年初，N