英汉翻译完整版.docx

英汉翻译完整版.docx

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英汉翻译完整版

Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.

LiteralTranslationmeansword-for-wordtranslation.Ittakessentencesasitsbasicunitsandthewholetextintoconsiderationatthesametimeinthecourseoftranslation.Itstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandthestyleoftheentireliteraryworkandretainasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeech.

LiberalTranslationisalsocalledFreeTranslation.Itisasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternorfiguresofspeech.

Foreignization:

Ifthetranslator’spreferenceisplacedonpreservingthelanguageandculturaldifferencesoftheSourceText,wecallthiskindofapproachesoritstranslationforeignizingorforeignization.

Domestication:

themethodorpracticeofadaptingthetranslationtothenormsandvaluesoftheTargetLanguageandcultureiscalleddomesticatingordomestication.

Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainclassisshiftedintoawordclassofanotherwithouttheadditionofaffix.

Omissionistoomitsomewordswhicharenottranslatedintargetedtext,ortodeletethosedispensable,seemburdensomewordswhileremainkeepingworld‟soriginalmeanings.

Amplificationmeanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.

Cohesionreferstotherelationsofmeaningsexistwithinthetext.

Coherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.

Textreferstoanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,toformaunifiedwhole.

Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,beliefs,arts,moral,law,customsandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety

Inanarrowsense,contextreferstothewords,phrasesandsentencesinwhichawordisused.Thisiswhatisknownaslinguisticcontext,whichmaybeaparagraph,awholechapterandevenanentirebook.

Styleistheessentialcharacteristicofeverypieceofwriting,theoutcomeofthewriter’spersonalityandhisemotionsatthemoment,andnosingleparagraphcanbeputtogetherwithoutrevealinginsomedegreethenatureofitsauthor.

Tytler’sthreetranslationcriteria

•Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.

•Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.

•Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.

ContrastbetweenChineseandEnglish

•Subject—prominentvsTopic--prominent

•HypotaxisvsParataxis

•TreevsBamboo

•StaticsvsDynamics

•PassivevsActive

Semantictranslation:

wherethetranslatorattemps,withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsofthetranslation,toproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.

Communicativetranslation:

wherethetranslatorattempstoproducethesameeffectontheTargetLanguagereadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalonthesourcelanguagereaders.

Formalequivalence：

Itfocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent.Suchtranslationsthenwouldbeconcernedwithsuchcorrespondencesaspoetrytopoetry,sentencetosentence,andconcepttoconcept.

dynamicequivalence:

Itisthe"qualityofatranslationinwhichthemessageoftheoriginaltexthasbeensotransportedintothereceptorlanguagethattheresponseofthereceptorisessentiallylikethatoftheoriginalreceptors.

第二题

1.criteriap5

Tytler’sthreetranslationcriteria

•Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.

•Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.

•Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.

2.culturedifference

values/customs/education

values :

一：

时间观念差异DifferentideaofTime

1.美国是任务导向型民族

Don'tputofftilltomorrowwhatshouldbedonetoday.

2.以钟点计酬，讲究时间观念

3.Whenyouvisittoafriend'shome,pleasearriveontime.

Don'tstayforalongtime

1.中国人是感情导向型民族

Wealwaysputofftheschedule

e.g.——Whereisthereport?

——Itwillbereadytomorrow.

2.智能劳作耗时与劳酬对称的变革错位，某些知识产品的公开发表、出版面世，必须自掏腰包。

尽管完成一项科研成果，写出一部书稿常常需要以年计时，甚至耗去一辈子的时间，其回报多数竟为零或负值。

3.拜访某人时，不需要太准时，在约定时间前后半小时内即可。

Ifyouhavenothingtochat,it'stimetosaygoodbye.

二：

Self-concpet

InthewesterncountriesIndividualism

Alwaysuse“Ithink…””Isuppose…”

ThemoviesintheUSalwaysmadeaherowhichmeansthe“individualisticheroism”

FromtherevolutionsjustlikeRenaissanceandothermovement,wecouldseetheindependentthoughtoftheAmericans.Paylessattentioninthesocialhierarchy.

Focusonself-worthdevelopment.

InChinaAltruism

Alwaysbemodest.“谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

”

Collectiveconsciousness

Societyhavetraditionallybeenveryhierarchical.

Betaughttosacrificepersonalinterestwhenfacethechanllengesoranyproblems.

Basedonfamilies.

三：

Thedifferenceofviewonfriendship

Chineseexceptfriendshipstobemorelasting.Forchineseatruefriendshipendurethroughoutlifechanges.Chinsesarefridendseveniftheyhaven’tspokenfor20years.

InWesterncountries,evenrelationshipinwhichpeoplefellcloseandtelleachotherpersonalproblemmaynotsurvivelifechanges.Ifpeopledon'tseeeachotherregularly,therelationshipislikelytodie.

四：

BusinessNegotiation

Agendacannotbeunified（议程无法统一）

Chinesenegotiatorstendtocrosstalks（横向谈判）

Severalissuesarediscussedatthesametimeuntilnegotiatorssolveallproblems.

Americannegotiatorstendtodiscussinthelongitudinaldirection.（纵向谈判）

Firstdiscussingaquestionuntiltheproblemissolved,andthenthenextquestionwillbegin.

Cometoadeadlock（陷入僵局）

Chinesenegotiatorsrarelydirectlyrefutetheotherside'sviews,buttheyexpresstheirviewswitheuphemism（委婉的）.

Americannegotiatorsstrivetoshowtheirviewsdirectly,showingastrongattack.

Thesedifferenceswillmakeitdifficulttonegotiate.

Riskoffailure（失败风险）

Chinesepeoplepayattentiontofriendship,whichmaychangethetermsofthecontract.

Americanspaygreatattentiontotheinterests,thelegalnatureofthecontract,andstrictlycarryoutthecontract.

Thesetwokindsofattitudetothecontractwillmaketheperformanceofthecontractbecomedifficult.

 education

China

America

Educationstyle

Exam-orientedEducation

Quality-orientedEducation

Forexample:

InChina,Parentsusuallyprepareeverythingforuswhatweshoulddoistoacceptwithoutanydoubtwhichmeansrespect.

Forexample:

IntheUS,childrenaremoreindependent.Theyknowwhattobeatanearlyage,andplancarefullytoachievethegoals.

Differentfocus

Chineseeducationfocusesontheknowledgetoaccumulateandindoctrinate,onhowstudentsuseandmanagetheknowledgetheylearnedinschool,andonhowtounderstandtheknowledgesystemandstructure.

Americancaremoreabouthowstudentsuseknowledgeinsociety.Itletsstudentchallengetheknowledge,animadvertideas,andfocuson,exploitorcreateknowledge.

OnLearning

Test,score,parents

Interest,pursuit

Therelationbetweenteachersandstudents

Inchina,therelationshipbetweenteachersandstudentscanbequiteformal.

Wearetaughtsincethefirstdaywhenwegotothekindergartenthatweshouldsitupstraightandobeyallthedisciplines.inclassweseldomchallengetheteacher’sideas.

Teachersplayrolesasseniorlifecounselornotastrictcontroller.

Teachersarenolongerauthority,meanwhilestudentsdon'thavetocarryouteveryinstructionfromtheirteachers,mostofthemhavetheirownthoughts,theymayposequestionsandchallengestoteachers

Universityentranceexamination

Chinesestudentswillshouldermorestressfrommanyaspectsincludingparentsandsociety,andtheywillspendmuchtimetostudyinordertopasstheuniversityentranceexam.

InChina，theuniversitystudentstillthinkthatitwillbegoodiftheypasstheuniversity

InAmerica,itiseasytoentercollegebutdifficulttograduate,andinChina,onthecontrary.

HoweverAmericanstudentsdeemsthatpassingtheexamisonlythebeginningoftheirstudy.

Customs:

TheMarriageCustom

InourChinathebrideandbridegroomwouldinredbecausewebelievetheredcolorrepresentsluckyandtheweddingwouldbehostinthebridegroom’shouse.

InWesternthebridealwaysinherwhiteweddinggownandtheirweddingwillbehostinachurch

People’sassociationtoanimalsaredifferent.

“Dog”inChineseisalwaysanegativeword,suchas“狗崽子”“丧家犬”、“狗胆包天”，etc..Nevertheless,dogsarepeople’spetsinwesterncountriesandthereisnonegativemeaning.Suchas:

“Loveme,lovemydog.“topdog”、“luckydog”“Tohelpalamedogoverastile.

Tiger”is

the

King

of

the

animals

in

Chinese,

龙：

褒：

祥瑞 龙子、龙孙、龙王、龙宫英语中：

贬：

凶猛的怪兽 “the old Dragon （魔王 ） ” 、 “That old woman’ s a real dragon （那老妇人确实是个凶恶 的家伙 ） ” 

牛褒：

九牛一毛 ,气壮如牛 ,风马牛不相及 ,俯首甘为孺子牛英语：

贬：

粗鲁、 愚笨、 行为莽撞之意。

如“a bull in a china shop （闯进瓷器店的公牛 ,意为动辄闯祸的人 ） ” 。

 鼠贬：

胆小 胆小如鼠英：

褒：

安静   as quiet as a mouse （安静如鼠 ） 

鱼与“余 ” 谐音 ,“鱼 ” 象征着“结余、 有余 ” ,如“年年有鱼 （余 ） ” 。

 英：

“a person of the stated kind （家伙 ,人 ） ”“a big fish （大人物 ） ” 、 “a cold fish （冷漠的 人 ） ” “an odd/queer fish （怪人 ） ” 、“a poor fish （倒 霉的人 ） ” “to drink like a fish （牛饮 ） ” 、 “neither fish nor fowl（不伦不类 ） ”  “as mute as a fish （默不作 声 ） ” 

3.languagedifferencep11

1.Textstyle（散文文体，新闻文体等学过的几个）

•Jounalismtranslation:

Features:

•ABCpriciple

•accuracy

•brevity

•clarity

P161

Prosestyleclearnatural,,andsentencelengtharedifferent,Togivethingsspiritandhavemulti-purposerhetoricalmetaphor,inparticular.emphas