化学专业英语.docx
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化学专业英语
一、元素和单质的命名
“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。
因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。
下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。
1主族元素和单质:
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
0
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
2过渡元素和单质
Fe:
ironMn:
manganeseCu:
copperZn:
zincHg:
mercuryAg:
silverAu:
gold
二 化合物的命名:
化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。
表示原子个数时使用前缀:
mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa-,nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。
1.化合物正电荷部分的读法:
直呼其名,即读其元素名称。
如CO:
carbonmonoxideAl2O3:
aluminiumoxide
N2O4:
Dinitrogentetroxide
对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。
如FeO:
iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:
iron(III)oxide或ferricoxide
Cu2O:
copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxide CuO:
copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide
2.化合物负电荷部分的读法:
2.1 二元化合物:
常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,
如:
fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,oxide,sulfide,nitride,phosphide,carbide,hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide:
hydroxide,
非金属氢化物不用此后缀,而是将其看成其它二元化合物(见2。
2);非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀,如O22-:
peroxideO2-:
superoxide
举例:
NaF:
sodiumfluoride AlCl3:
aluminiumchloride
Mg2N3 :
magnesiumnitride Ag2S:
silversulfide
CaC2:
calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2:
iron(II)hydroxide
有些物质常用俗称,如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide
2.2非金属氢化物
除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。
对于卤族和氧族氢化物,H在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。
举例:
HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride
HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide
H2ShydrogensulfideH2Sehydrogenselenide
H2Tehydrogentelluride
对于其它族的非金属氢化物,H在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀—ane,氮族还可加-ine
举例:
PH3:
phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:
arsine或arsane
SbH3:
stibine或stibane BiH3:
bismuthane
CH4:
methaneSiH4:
silaneB2H6:
diborane
2.3无氧酸
命名规则:
hydro-词根-ic acid
举例:
HCl:
hydrochloricacid
H2S:
hydrosulfuricacid
2.4含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子
化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。
高某酸per-ic 正酸–ic 亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous
高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite
其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代
举例:
HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateion
HClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateion
HClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteion
HClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteion
H2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacid
HNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacid
HPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion
2.5盐
正盐:
根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate
酸式盐:
同正盐的读法,酸根中的H读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
如NaHCO3:
sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate
NaH2PO4:
sodiumdihydrogenphosphate
复盐:
同正盐的读法,并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。
如KNaCO3:
potassiumsodiumcarbonate
NaNH4HPO4:
ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate
水合盐:
结晶水读做water或hydrate
如:
aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate
AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water
三物理性质(physicalproperties)
colour:
colorless,red-brown,violet-black,purple-black,paleyellow,darkbrown
smell:
odorless,pungent,penetrating,offensive,choking,bitter,sour,sweet
state:
solid,liquid,gas,gaseous,oily,crystalline,uncrystalline,molten,fused
solubility:
soluble,insoluble,slightlysoluble,verysoluble,
density:
heavy,light,lessdense,denser,greatlydenser,slightlydenser,
aboutthesamedense
hardness:
hard,soft,ductile,malleable
toxicity:
toxic,poisonous
meltingpoint,boilingpoint:
high,low
conductivity:
electricalconductivity;thermalconductivity;conductor;insulator;semiconductor
四化学性质(chemicalproperties)
stability:
stable,unstable,reactive,unreactive
redoxproperty:
oxidizingability,reducingability,oxidizingagent(oxidant),reducingagent(reductant),oxidation,reduction,oxidationstate,valence,strong,weak
acid-baseproperty:
acidic,basic,strong,weak,monohydroxybase,monoproticacid,
五化学方程式(ChemicalEquations)
1反应名称:
Combination;decomposition;singledisplacement;doubledisplacement;redoxreaction;nonredoxreaction;disproportionation;neutralization;exothermicreaction;endothermicreaction;reversiblereaction;forwardreaction;reversereaction;spontaneousreaction;nonspontaneousreaction
2反应条件:
heat;burn;ignite/ignition;electrolyze/electrolysis;under/atambient/roomtemperature;understandardpressure;with/inthepresenceofacatalyst
3读法:
Nitrogenreactswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.
1molnitrogenreactswith3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.
Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.
Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.
Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.
Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.
六化学计算(ChemicalCalculation)
1化学术语:
atomicmass/weight;molecularweight;amount(ofsubstance);mole;numberofmoles;molarmass;molarvolume;concentration;molarity;excessagent;limitingagent;reactant;product;yield;
2数学术语:
+-×÷
运算名称additionsubtractionmulplicationdivision
动词读法addsubstract(ed)·frommultiply(ied)·bydivide(d)·by
介词读法plusminustimesover
运算结果sumdifferenceproductquotient
o/zeropointooone
2/3twothirds
=equals/isequalto
≈isapproximatelyequalto
<lessthan
>greaterthan
x2xsquared;x3xcubed;x-10xtotheminustenthpower
100oconehundreddegreescentigrade
5%fivepercent(bymass,volume)
()roundbrackets/parentheses
[]square/angularbrackets
{}braces
linearplanartrigonalsquaretetrahedral
七化学实验(ChemicalExperiments)
1实验用品(equipments/apparatus)
烧瓶round-bottom/Florenceflask锥形瓶(conical)Erlenmeyerflask
三角漏斗funnel长颈漏斗thistletube试管架test-tuberack
集气瓶bottle;glassjar滴定管burette烧杯beaker
玻棒glassrod洗瓶washbottle干燥管dryingtube
试管刷testtubebrush温度计thermometer火柴match
酒精灯burner石棉网wiregauze铁架台ironstand
指示剂indicator酚酞phenolphthaleinU型管Utube
石蕊litmus甲基橙methylorange淀粉starch
橡皮塞rubberstopper橡皮管rubbertube滴管eyedropper
角匙spoon蒸发皿evaporationdish滤纸filterpaper
研,棒mortarandpestle量筒graduatedcylinder天平balance
2实验报告:
aims;principles/introduction;procedures;observations;conclusion/deduction
briskeffervescence,precipitate,milky,aqueoussolution
3实验类型:
confirmativetest;inquirytest;qualitativeanalysis;quantitativeanalysis;measurement/determinationon
4实验操作:
collectgas(overwater;upwarddisplacementofair;downwarddelivery)
bubblegasthrough;drygas;suckbac