词汇学I.docx

词汇学I.docx

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词汇学I

《英语词汇学》复习资料

大家请注意：

笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章

1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.

3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

c）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage

4.Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomena

mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals

action，size，domain，state

numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–past，electricity，machine，car，plane——now

3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

toremove

5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandothers

e.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary——

1.terminology–technicalterms

photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，

Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups行话；俚语；

can-opener，dip，persuader

cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail新词；旧词新义

oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.

a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

b.Contentwordsaregrowing.Functionalwordsremainstable.

c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000

Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）

2.2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.外来词

e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork

cupfromcuppa（L）

2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g.décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo　3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaninge.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）

blackhumorfromhumornoir

longtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece

2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesounde.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）lamafromlama（Tib）

ketchuptea

4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguagee.g.stupidolddump

newsassy

dreamoldjoyandpeace

pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork

newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

fresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky

第二章

Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）

Balto–SlavicIndo-IranianItalicGermanic

PrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegian

LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandie

PolishItalianDanish

BulgarianRoumanianSwedish

SlovenianFrenchEnglish

RussianGerman

AlbanianArmenianCelticHellenic

IrishGreek

Breton

Scottish

2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000words

The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic.

ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

TheGermanictribescalledangles，SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage，Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

Attheendof6thcentury，theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

Inthe9thcentury，manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish，ourdailylifeandspeech.

特点：

highlyinflectedlanguage

complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English，Latin，French

Until1066，althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin，theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

Bytheendofthe13thcentury，Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

特点：

fewerinflections

leveledending

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）　latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

TheRenaissance，LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization，Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

AfterWorldWarII，manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas，inventionsandscientificachievements.

Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions，andscientificachievements.

morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

inmodernEnglish，wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.

scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords.wordsassociatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.

mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e.oldwordsfallingoutifuse.

特点：

endingarealmostlost.

3.Threemainsourcesnewwords

1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2.Social，economicandpoliticalchanges

3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

1.Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials，namelyroots，affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

2.Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

3.Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

4.（Revivingarchaicorobsolete）

French30%，Latin8%，JapaneseItalian7%，Spanish6%，GermanGreek5%，RussianYiddish4%

第三章

1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

3.Monomorphenicwords–morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

4.Allomorph——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality（-s）hasanumberifallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext，e.g.incats/s/，inbags/z/，inmatches/iz/.

5.FreemorphemesorFreeroot——Themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandvanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences，e.g.cat，walk.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords.morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesareco