词汇学课本练习答案.docx
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词汇学课本练习答案
Unit1
2.HowdidtheNormanConquestandtheRenaissanceinfluencetheEnglishvocabulary?
Thetransitionalperiod〔转型时期〕fromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish(ME1100----1500),whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturematters,whichinfluencedEnglishindailylife.
TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.IntheearlystageofthisperiodtheRenaissance〔文艺复兴〕broughtgreatchangetothevocabulary.Therenewed〔复兴的〕studyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingofGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemedium〔媒介〕ofLatin,butalsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyintoEnglishvocabulary.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords,(page4~5)
3.Enumeratethecausesfortherapidgrowthofneologisms〔新词,旧词新意,新词的创造者/使用者〕afterWorldWarⅡ.Givefourexamplesforeachcause.
①markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.Example:
toblastoff(炸掉,炸毁),tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad
②socio-economic〔社会经济〕,politicalandculturalchanges.Example:
roller-hockey,surfriding,skydiving〔跳伞运动〕,disignatedhitter
③theinfluencefromotherculturesandlanguages〔page6~7〕Example:
cosmonaut,discotheque〔小舞厅,迪斯科舞厅〕,ombudsman〔调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员〕,apartheid〔种族隔离〕.
4.Whatarethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock〔词库〕oftheEnglishvocabulary?
(1).Nationalcharacter(全民通用性):
Wordsofthebasicwordstockbelongtothepeopleasawhole,nottoalimitedgroup.
(2).Stability〔稳定性〕:
Aswordsinthebasicwordstockdenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.However,acertainnumberofOldEnglishwordshavedroppedoutofthebasicwordstock,whilenewwordshavejoinedtherankofbasicwords,followingsocialandtechnologicalchanges.
(3).Word-formingability(构词):
Basicwordsareveryactiveinformingnewwords.
(4).Abilitytoformcollocations〔搭配能力〕:
Basicwordscombinereadilywithotherwordstoformhabitualexpressionsandphrases.
Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.(Page10paragraph4,5,7,8andPage11paragraph2)
5.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheEnglishvocabularyasaresultofitshistoricaldevelopment?
ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishlanguageshowsthatEnglishisaheavyborrower;ithasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguage,especiallyfromLatin,FrenchandGreek.〔page18.〕
6.WhydowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabulary?
First,becausethenativewordsformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Andthebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.
Second,theymakeupthemostfamiliar,mostusefulpartoftheEnglishvocabulary.SowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglishvocabularyforitsimportance.〔Page10paragraph2,andPage19paragraph2〕
7.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?
(1)Commonorpopularwordsarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.ThegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.Thecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.Theyarestylistically(在文体上)neutral,andhencetheyareappropriateinbothformalandinformalwritingandspeech.(Page11paragraph6)
(2)Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevated〔升高的,提高的,崇高的〕style,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.(Page12paragraph1)
Chapter2
Q1:
Explainthefollowingtermsandprovideexample:
a.Morphemic形位
b.Allomorph形位变体
c.freeandboundmorphemic
d.hybrid混合词
Morphemic:
thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Example:
nation(page21,paragraph2,line1)
Allomorph:
anyofthevariantformsofamorphemicasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Example:
books,pigs.(page22,paragraph3,line4)
Freemorphemic:
onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Example:
man,read,faith(page23,paragraph2,line1To2)
Boundmorphemic:
cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance表达;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphemic.Example:
unkind(page23,paragraph2,line4)
Hybrid:
awordmadeupofelementsformtwoormoredifferentlanguage.Example:
goddess,rewrite.(page27,paragraph2,line4)
Q2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixes?
P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾
Inflectionalaffixes〔屈折词缀〕arerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivationalaffixes〔派生词缀〕aresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whicharerelatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.arethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.
Thenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthanthatofinflectionalaffixes.
Q3:
Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixes派生词缀classified?
p26
Derivationalaffixesareclassifiedinprefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.
Q4:
Howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemic〔语素的〕level?
P29paragraph5
Onthemorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complexandcompoundwords〔复合词〕.
ChapterIII
ⅠExplain
1、(p32)Word-formationrules:
Therulesofword-formationdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords
2、Root,stemandbase.Analyzetheworddenationalizedintoroot,baseandstem.
Denationalized
①Root:
nation
②stem:
denationalize
③base:
nationalized
ⅡCompounding
1、Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?
(p35-p36)①Orthographiccriterion
②Phonologicalcriterion
③Semanticcriterion
ⅢDerivation
1、Whatisderivation?
(p42-p43)Derivationisaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orbothtoanalreadyexistingword.
2、Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?
Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothebase.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthebase,buttheydonotgenerallyalteritsword-class.Everyprefixhasaspecificmeaningofitsown;prefixesarethereforeclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeanings.
Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixtothebase.Suffixesfrequentlyaltertheword-classofthebase.Therefore,suffixesareclassifiedaccordingtotheclassofwordtheyformintonoun-formingsuffixes,verb-formingsuffixes,etc(p66)
3、Howarethemajorlivingprefixesclassified?
Giveafewexamplestoillustrateeachkind.
〔P44〕Themajorlivingprefixesareclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:
1)negativeprefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-).eg,unhappy,nonhero,injustice,disadvantage,atypical〕
2)reversativeorprivativeprefixes〔un-,de-,dis-〕.eg,unwrap,decentralize,disunite
3)prejorativeprefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo-).eg.mistrust,maltreat,pseudo-science
4)prefixesofdegreeorsize(arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-)eg,archbishop,supercurrenthyperactive,outlive,ultra-conservative
5)prefixesofattitude(co-,counter-,antic-,pro-)eg,cooperation,anti-nuclear,pro-student,counterpart
6)locativeprefixes(super-,sub-,inter-,trans-)eg.Subarctic,superacid,transcode
7)prefixesoftimeandorder(fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-)forehead,reconsider,prereading,post-war
8)numberprefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,multi-/poly-)multi-purpose,monocle,bi-media
4、Howcanyouformdeverbalnouns,denominalnouns,deadjectiveverbs,anddenominaladjectivesbysuffixation?
〔P50〕answer:
1〕deverbalnounsuffixes:
verb-nounsuffixes,suchas–erinwriter,-eeinemployee,-ationinexploitationand–mentindevelopment.
2)denominalnounsuffixes:
noun–nounsuffixes,suchas–hoodinboyhood,-shipinscholarship,-letinbooklet,and–dominstardom.
3)deadjectiveverbsuffixes:
adjective–verbsuffixes,suchas–ifyinsimplify,-izeinmodernize,and–eninquicken
4)denominaladjectivesuffixes:
noun–adjectivesuffixes,suchas–fullinhelpful,-lessinlimitless,-yinsilkyand–ishinfoolish.
5、Givethemeaningofthefollowingwordsandanalyzethestructureofeachword:
〔P51〕answer:
1)adrivermeansapersonwhodrives
2)alightermeansamachineusedforlightering
3)agardenermeansapersonwhogarden
4)aNewYorkermeansapersonfromNewYork
5)avillagermeansinhabitantofvillage
6)adineris‘adiningcarriageonatrain’
7)aliferis‘slang.Apersonsentencedtoimprisonmentforlife
8)adressermeans
Analyse:
asfor1、2、3,affixedtoaverb,thesuffixformsagentnounswiththemeaningof‘onewhoperformsanaction’asfor4、5,thisaffixmayalsobejoinedtothemeansofcities,countries,andtootherplacenames.asfor6、7、8colloquialandslangy.
ⅣConversion
1、whatisthedifferencebetweenconversion〔此类转化法〕andsuffixation〔加后缀〕?
(P55介绍conversion的第一段):
Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzero-derivation.
e.g.bottle(n.)----bottle(v.),buy(v.)----buy(n.),tutor(n.)----tutor(v.)〔例子也可以举其他的如attack〕
(P49介绍Suffixation的第一段):
Suffixation:
It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boyn.+-ish--boyishadj.boyn.+hood--boyhoodn.
2、Inaconversionpair,howcanyoudeterminewhichofthetwoisthebaseandwhichthederivedword(派生词)?
〔P56中间三个