8一童游mm好文.docx

8一童游mm好文.docx

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8一童游mm好文

因果型：

Q+Thesperkerclaimso,forthereasonthat...Iconcedethat...Otherwise,inmyview（大正小负）

比较型：

Thespeakerwouldprefer...insteadof...Iagreeinsofaras...Atthesametime,however,...Accordingtothespeaker,Aisamoreimportantmeansto...thanB.AlthoughIagree...thespeakeroverstatesthecomparativesignificanceofA.

结论型和现象型IagreewiththespeakerthatAwouldservetheinterestof...Nevertheless,Awouldposecertainriskswhich...Thespeakerclaimsthat...,andthat...IthentodisagreewithbothaspectsofthisclaimItwouldbetemptingtosupportthespeaker'sclaimthat...Itistruethat...Inmyview,however,thepotentialharmtheycaninflicton…faroutweithstheir…benefits.

Issue1

Thespeakerclaimsthatwecanlearnmorefrempeoplewhodisagreewihtusthanfromthoseagreewithus,forthereasonthat...Iconcedethatdisagreementmay...undersomecircumstances.However,wecanlearnfromeachotherthroughdebatesif...

Issue31moneyspentonresearchisalmostalwaysagoodinvestment,evenwhentheresultsofthatresearcharecontroversial.Accordingtothisstatement,thespeakerclaimsthatgovernmentshouldinvestonallresearchesregardlesswhattheresultsofthemwouldbe.Ifundamentallyagreewiththespeakerinsofarasresearchisthepathtodevelopmentoftechnologyandaccumulationofknowledge.Yet,strictlyfollowed,insomecases,investingonresearcheswouldposecertainriskstothesociety.Onecompellingargumentinfavorofinvestmentonresearcheshastodowiththefactthattheresultsofmostresearchesareunclearatthebeginning.Admittedly,forinadequateresources,governmenthasnochoicebuttopicksomeresearcheswithclearresults,whichservetoaddressthepressingsocialproblems.However,inmyobservation,itisalwaystheresearcheswithoutcertainresults--socalled"cuttingedge",thatcontributemosttomeetthesocialneedsinafewyearslater.Consider,forinstance,theresearchofgenedoesnothaveanyguaranteedresultorevenanycertainaimatthebeginning,butwhenasitcarriedon,marvelousachievementsappears.Thefruitionofgeneticsresearchwillallowfortreatmentongenedefectsintheforeseeablefuture.Ifrefusetoinvestonresearcheswithcontroversialresults,thegovernmentwouldbeboggeddownintotheSargassoSeaofendlesscontentionaboutwhichresearchhavedefinitiveoutcome.Therefore,itisimpossibletodeterminewhethertoinvestonaresearchregardingtoitsseeminglydimresult.AnothercompellingargumentforhowitisneededforgovernmenttoinvestonresearchcomesintomymindwhenIconsiderthenatureofresearch-learning.Indeed,researchisthepathtointelligenceadventure,anadventureleadingpeopletoseekthetruthlyingbehindtheunchartedandunexplainablephenomena.Evenifsomeresearchesturnouttobefruitlessafteryearsofstudyanddepletinghugeamountofmoney,itdoesnotindicatethattheseresearcheshavenothingtodowiththedevelopmentofsociety.Atleast,theyaresuresignsofafreeenvironmentofscientificstudy,whichencouragepeopletopursuetheircuriosityfortheeternallawsandordersoftheoutsideworld.Notwithstandingtheforegoingreasonswhyitisnecessarytoinvestmostoftheresearches,thegovernmentmustbeconsciouslyawarethatcertainresearchavenueswouldbecomepotentialtimebombsthatthreatentheverysafetyofhumans.Aptexamplesinvolvebiochemistryweaponsandunclearbombs,whichwouldbringcatastrophestotheworldifwedonotcontroltherelevantresearchesofthem.Onbalance,Iagreewiththespeaker'sbroadassertionthatinvestmentonresearchisalwaysbeneficial,nomatterhowambiguoustheirresultsseemtobe.Yetforcertainill-conceivedresearches,governmentshouldneverhesitatetoinhibit.

17"Therearetwotypesoflaws:

justandunjust.Everyindividualinasocietyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,todisobeyandresistunjustlaws."Thespeakerclaimsthatitiseveryindividual'sdutytoobeyjustlawsand,atthesametime,disobeyunjustlaws.Itendtodisagreewiththisstatement,intworespects.First,howdoeseveryindividualdiscriminatefromjustlawsandunjustones?

Second,whatconsequenceswoulditbringtothesocietyifeachoneinasocietydisobeyandresistlawsheregardsasunjust?

Admittedly,insomecircumstances,people'swilltodisobeyunjustlawscarriesimpetustothesociopoliticalreformsandtransformations.Consider,forinstance,theFrenchRevolutionwasinstigatedbygroupsofindividualswhoresistedthecontrolofaristocrats.FewwouldarguethatthebrilliantrevolutionopenedthedoortoamoredemocraticlawsysteminFranceandendowtheFrenchpopulacewiththebeliefinequalrights.Thus,thespeaker'sclaimhassomemeritinthisrespect.Nowthatthesuccessofsociopoliticalreformsareoftenbasedoncitizensopposedtothelaws,doesitmeanitistheresponsibilityofpopulacetoresistthelawstheyregardas“unjust”?

No.Athresholdreasonisthatitisimpossibletodefineacriteriontojudgethejustnessoflaws.Ourjudgmentonwhetheraspecificlawisjustorunjustdependsonourvaluesandoutlooks,whichareasdistinctasourfingerprints.Forexample,whenBenjaminFranklincarriedoutthe,hebecameaherointheeyesofworkerswithlowsalariesandheavyonerousworkload.Whilefortheownersofmanufactoriesthelawwascompletelyunjustandunwelcome.Forthereasonthefairnessofalawiscloselyrelatedwithoursocialrolesandinterestsinthatlaw,ifwearetodisobeyunjustlaws,wewillbeboggeddownintheSargassoSeaofendlessdebateaboutwhichlawsshouldberesistedandwhichonesshouldbeobeyed.Furthermore,considerwhatconsequenceswillitbringwhenindividualschoosetoobeysomeofthelawswhiledisobeytherestthattheydonotappreciate.Extremeexamplesinvolvethatpeoplewhothinkthelawforbiddingdrugmerchandisingunjustareencouragedtoselldruginpublicplace;peoplewhocommitcrimesandregardthepunishmentasunjustwillbeallowedtorefusetobeimprisoned.Itiswithoutdoubtthatweareintheriskofsanctioningtoallevilbehaviorseveryonehastherightstoresistthelawshe/shedislikes.Ananarchicsocietyisfarfromanindicationofdemocracy,butthewellsignofdegenerationofcivilizationandthecalamityofhumanbeings.Tosumup,Iconcedethatthereinevitablyexistunjustlawsineverysociety,yetstrictlyfollowed,Idisagreethatitistheresponsibilityforindividualstoresistthelawstheydonotlike.一童游21:

52:

3111.Allnationsshouldhelpsupportthedevelopmentofaglobaluniversitydesignedtoengagestudentsintheprocessofsolvingtheworld'smostpersistentsocialproblems.Shouldallnationsparticipateinestablishingaglobaluniversitytoengagestudentswhohelpsolvetheworld'smostpersistentsocialproblems,asthespeakerrecommends?

Iagreethatsuchaglobaluniversitywouldhavebringdesirableconsequencesintheprocessofaddressingcommonissuesamongnationsandgiveimpetusonclosercooperationbetweendifferentnations.Yet,strictlyfollowed,Ibelievethefeasibilityofthisproposalalsodeservescarefulconsideration.Tobeginwith,onecompellingargumentinfavorofaglobaluniversityhastodowiththefactthattheworld'sgreatestriskliesinthetrendsofglobalization.Modernsocietyislikeaseamlessnetthatcloselyconnectsallnationsintheworldtogether.Thereareincreasinglyinternationalcompaniesdependingtheirrawmaterial,employeesandconsumingmarketonothernations.Thesecompaniesdoubtlesslysetintomotionasignificantgrowthofwealthworld-widely,atthesametime,however,theriskofglobalfinancialcrisisthatwouldspreadthetroublesinonecountrytoalltheothercountriesrelatedwithitinbusinesshasbeenmoreprominentandthusmightleadtofurthersocialproblemssuchasunemployment,hungerandevenwars.Preventingtheexplosionofsuchpotentialtimebombrequiresexpertswithglobalperspectives.Andaglobaluniversitycanmeetthisdemand-byteachingstudentwiththeeconomicandpoliticalconditionofeverynation.Considerthenextcompellingargumentinhowaglobaluniversityisneeded,bywhichImeanmanypersistentsocialproblemsrequirebettercooperationamongnations.AptexamplesinvolvethehorribleepidemicAIDSwhichspelltroublesforalmosteverynationintheworld,andlatelyhappenedavianflu,whichwarnedtheworldtothepointthatitmightthreatenthesafetyofhumanspecies.Ifthereisaglobaluniversitywherestudentsandfacultycangivevaluableadvicesonhowtocooperateandhowtocommunicatewithrespecttoparticipatingnations,thentherewouldbecloserglobalcooperationontechnology,medicalcareeducation,andglobalaid,whichreducethedetrimentbroughtbytheseglobalprevailingdiseases.Notwithstandingtheforegoingbenefitsaglobaluniversitywouldbringus,Iwouldbehard-pressedtoconsiderthefeasibilityofsuchauniversity.Admittedly,mostnationssharesimilarpersistentsocialproblems,everynationneverthelessnaturallyconcernsmoreontheirowninterests.Sincedifferentnationlaysdifferentemphasisoneachsocialproblem,theywouldhavetoovercomeamyriadofadministrationalandpoliticalimpediments.Theyhavetoagreeoncomplexissueslikewhichproblemgainsthepriorityforsetting,andwhichareaofresearchdeservesmostinvestment.Tothisextent,aglobaluniversitymightarousemorecontentionamongparticipatingnations.Insum,theworldneedsaglobaluniversitytoaggregatetheintelligenceofallnationsonsettlingpersistentcommonsocialproblems,ontheotherhand,weshouldbeawarethatinappropr