step-by-step-3000-第四册-原文及答案.doc

step-by-step-3000-第四册-原文及答案.doc

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Unit1

PartI

B

Speaker1>notrememberverymuchaboutchildhood/notveryclose/nottalkverymuch

Speaker2>getonverywellwithmum/talkveryopenly

Speaker3>（mum）alwaystellmetodothisanddothat/（father）letmedowhatIwant

Speaker4->fondmemoriesofchildhood/seeminglyspoilus

Tapescript:

1.Idon'trememberverymuchaboutmychildhood,actually.Mywife'salwaysaskingme"Whenyouwereaboy,didyouuseto..."andIreply"Idon'tknow,Ican'tremember."Wedidn't...wedidn'tusetotalkverymuch,weweren'tveryclose,orifwewere,wedidn'tshowit.IrememberIusedtohavemyhaircuteveryFriday.MyfatherandIwouldgotogether.Ihadtheshortesthairintheschool.Whenthey'dfinishedcuttingit,they'dburntheendswithasortofcandle.OhI'llneverforgetthatsmell.

2.Igotonverywellwithmymother.Iusedtotellhereverything-ornearlyeverything--andshe'dtalktomeveryopenlytoo.Sometimesshe'dsaytome"Don'tgotoschooltoday.Staywithme."Andwe'dgooutshoppingorsomethinglikethat.

3.I'mnotaverytidyperson,butmymother'sveryhouse-proud,soshe'salwaystellingmetopickthingsupandputthemaway,anddothisanddothat.Shegoesonforhoursabout"Cleanlinessisnexttogodliness."Myfatherisn'tlikethatatall.HeletsmedowhatIwant.Ithinkhe'slearnednottopayattention.

4.Ihaveveryfondmemoriesofmychildhood.Tomeitrepresentedsecurity.Weusedtodoalottogetherasafamily.Irememberwalks,andpicnics,andgoingforridesonaSundayafternoon.EveryFriday,whenmyfathercamehomefromwork,hehadatreatforeachofus.Mymotherusedtosayhewasspoilingus,butwhynot?

Itdidn'tdousanyharm.

PartIIIFamily

A.

TheFamily

I.Functionsoffamily

A.Providingnecessitiesoflife

B.Offeringaffectionatejoys

C.Raisingchildrentoadulthood

D.Givingprotectionintimesofemergency

IIPatternsoffamily

A.Extendedfamily--uncles,aunts,cousinsandin-laws

B.Nuclearfamily--ahusband,wifeandtheirchildren

C.Polygamoushousehold-ahusband,severalwivesandtheirchildren

D.Dividedresidence--husbandandwifelivingseparatelywithchildrenraisedbymother'sbrother

E.Nayarwayofliving--brothersandsistersandsisters'children

F.Communallivinggroup-personsnotbiologicallyrelated

IIIFactorsinfluencingfamilystructure

A.Economicconditions

e.g.Noaidfromsocietyorstate--extendedfamily

B.Industrializationandurbanization

e.g.Creationofmanyspecializedjobs--nuclearfamily

C.Inheritancecustoms

e.g.1.Propertyinheritedbyeldestson

2.Propertyinheritedbyallofsons

Tapescript:

Throughouthistorythebasicunitofalmosteveryhumansocietyhasbeenthefamily.Themembersofthefamilylivetogetherunderthesameroof,theysharetheeconomicburdensoflifeaswellasitsaffectionatejoys,anditisthefamilywhichhasprimaryresponsibilityfortheimportanttaskofraisingchildrentoadulthood.

Thefamilyisnotauniformconceptinallsocieties.Inmanyplacesitisanextendedgroupwhichincludesuncles,aunts,cousinsandin-laws.Thefamilyheadusuallyhasconsiderableinfluenceinarrangingmarriages,selectingcareersanddeterminingallimportantmovesandpurchasesbyanymemberofthefamily.Particularlyinconditionswheresocietyorthestatedoesnotgiveaidandwhereconsequentlytheresponsibilitiesofthefamilyaregreater,thislargergroupprovidesbetterprotectionintimesofeconomicorotheremergency.

Inmanyothersocieties,includingmostindustrializedones,the"nuclearfamily"isthebasicsocialunit.Thistermreferstoahusbandandwifeunitedthroughmarriageandtheirdependentchildren,whethernaturaloradopted.Industrializationandurbanizationcreatemanyspecializedjobswhichtendtoscatterfamilymembersamongdifferentemployersandthustoseparateresidencesassoonastheybecomewageearners.Thesmallfamily,whichhasonlyone--orifthewifeworksalso,two-employedmembers,isbetterabletoadapttorapidchangeandtomovewhenthejobmoves.

Thenuclearfamilyisalmostuniversalandthenucleargroupoffather,motherandtheirchildrenisrecognizedevenwhenitispartofanextendedfamily.Therearecases,however,whichstrainthedefinition.Polygamy,forexample,bringsseveralwivesandtheirchildrenintothepicture.Butpolygamoushouseholdsarenotcommoninanysociety.Moredifficulttoexplainarethecasesofdividedresidence.AmongtheAshantipeopleofAfrica,wherethewifeandhusbanddonotresidetogether,thechildgetstrainingandaffectionfromthemother'sbrotherandlearnsthathismother'shusbandis"nothisfamily."AnevenstrangersituationexistedwiththeNayarofIndiabeforebeingchangedbyoutsideinfluence.Therethehouseholdconsistedofbrothersandsis