四级核心语法.docx
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四级核心语法
《情态动词》的笔记:
might/may,could,must都可以表示
“可能性”,且表示肯定的程度依次增强
Mother:
HasSusanfinishedherhomework?
Father:
Shemighthavedoneherhomework.I'mnotsure.
Mother:
WhyAnneHathawayandMerylStreeparen'tpresentthe
partytogether?
Father:
Theycouldhavetakenthesameflight.That'swhyshearen'tthere.
might/could+havedone有时可以表示
本来可能发生但没发生,或者本来可能完成
却没完成的动作
1.____________________(我本可以通过考试的),
2.____________________(汤姆本来可能送命的),
buthisfriendsenthimtothehospital
intime.
答案:
1.Icouldhavepassedtheexam
2.Tommighthavekilledhimself
Pigscanswim.
FinallysomebodyisabletospeakEnglishwell.
Inacampus
W:
Willyoubeabletobuysomerosestome?
M:
Ofcourse.ButI'mafraidI?
can'tcomeyourpartytomorrow.
can,could和beableto表能力时,常可以互换
1.但因时态限制,beableto用途最广泛
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2.beableto可以强调在特定情况下能够做某事
M:
ButoncehehadadifficultgameagainstGeorge.George?
playedvery
wellbutintheendJohn?
wasableto?
beathim.
1Perhapsyoucan'tcontrolyourjob,butyoumay
beabletomakeotherchangesinyourlife.
用can,could,beableto描述这幅图画
参考版本:
Peoplecouldn'thaveenoughtimetowatchTVorevencouldn'tgetenoughmoneytobuyoneinthepast.
However,scientistssaidthatTVcouldbecheaper,thinnerandmoreportableatthattime.
Nowadays,everyfamilycanownaTV.
Thusmanypeoplebecomecouchpotatoes.
TheycanstayinfrontofTVforawholeday,watchingsoapoperas.
TheycanstayinfrontofTVforawholeday,watchingsoapoperas.
Thenitisreportedthatobesitywillbeabletokillmorepeopleinthefuture。
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Onlywhenyouhavepassedthetestsrequired____________________
(你才能申请驾驶执照).(87题,2012年12月)
驾照:
drivinglicense
申请:
applyfor
答案:
canyouapplyforadrivinglicense
A:
I?
must?
buyflowersformymother.
B:
I?
haveto?
buyflowersformymother-in-law.
当说话人感到某事是必须的时候,用must;
当客观情况要求必须做某事的时候,用haveto。
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《不定式》的笔记:
Iexpectthegoodstoarrive?
ontime.
做宾语
I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.
做补语
Ineedapentowritewith.
做定语
occur
read
work
give
Ithasbeenprovedthatsomepeople'sbestideasseemto__occur_____when
theyarerelaxinganddaydreaming.
Theboypretendedto___bereading___________whentheteachercamein.
Heissaidto___havebeenworking__________________inthiscompanysinceitwasestablished.
Iamgladthatmycompanysentmetoanothercountrytostudy.Iamvery
pleasedto____havebeengiven_______________theopportunitytolearnaboutanotherculture.
翻译下列句子,句中应包含不定式
会议上要讨论的那件事真是棘手
难:
hard/difficult/tough
theissue/thematter
Themattertobediscussedatthemeetingisahardnuttocrack.
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TheBridgesofMadisonCounty《廊桥遗梦》
我们花一分钟的时间去认识一个人,一小时喜欢上他,或者一天去爱上他,却会用一生去忘记他。
Wetakeaminutetoknowsomeone,
onehourtolikesomeone,andonedaytolovesomeone,butthewholelifetoforgetsomeone.
Toholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractionsisimportant.
Itisimportanttoholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.
Itisimportant(forwhom)toholdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.
Itisimportantthat(we/thesociety)holdpeopleaccountablefortheiractions.
accountable:
adj.负责任的=responsiblepuppet:
n.傀儡
在诗话、谚语等中,不定式做主语的表达固定不变
Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine.
犯错者为人,谅错者为神。
err:
v.犯错divine:
adj.神圣的
Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.
一些动词只能+todo,如:
hesitate,afford,appear,neglect,determine
另一些动词只能+do:
may/mightaswell,wouldrathercannothelpbut
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Theysayapersonneedsjustthreethingstobetrulyhappyinthisworld
—someonetolove,somethingtodo,somethingtohopefor.
大多数情况下,不定式todo+prep结构中,介词不可省略
Whoisthefirstpersontofallinlovewith
Hefellinlovewithaperson/agirl.
Tip:
例外情况,当不定式修饰time,place,或way,介词可以省去
Whereisthebestplacetolive(in)
(为了确保他参加会议),Icalledhimupinadvance.
答案:
Toensurethathecanjoin(attend)themeeting
=Inordertoensurethathecan…
Igotupearly,soastocatchthebus.
不定式做目的状语可放在句首或句尾,相当于inorderto或soasto
soasto一般放在句中或句尾,不放在句首
Onlytofind…
Onlytodiscover…
Onlytorealize…
Heworkedveryhard,_______hehadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.
A.tofindB.findingC.justfinding
D.onlytofind(答案)
常用onlytodo引出意想不到的或不愉快的结果。
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ThisTVprogramisquiteboring.We___________________(不妨听听音乐)
may/mightaswell:
不妨
答案:
may/mightaswelllistentothemusic
Thefamousnovelissaidto(已经被译成多种语言)
translate:
v.翻译
multiple/various/many
答案:
havebeentranslatedintomultiple/various/manylanguages
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《分词和动名词》的笔记:
Davidturnedawayandwalkedquicklydownthestreet
(完全无视她的存在)
无视:
ignoreneglect
present:
存在n.presence
完全:
totallycompletely
答案:
totally(completely)ignoring/neglectingherpresence
1.Amanholdingagunshoutedatustoliedown.
liedown:
趴下
=Amanwhowasholdingagunshoutedatustoliedown.
2.Thedancerleapedintotheair.
Sothedancerthrilledtheaudience.
(用现在分词,合并为一句)
leap:
跳跃
thrill:
使……大吃一惊
=Leapingintotheair,thedancerthrilledtheaudience.
Thedancer,leapingintotheair,thrilledtheaudience.
3.因为听到外面有吵闹声,James突然停下了工作。
突然停止:
abruptly/suddenlystoppedsth听到外面的噪音:
hearanoiseoutside
①Hearinganoiseoutside,Jamesabruptlystoppedhiswork.
②James,hearinganoiseoutside,abruptlystoppedhiswork.
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《主谓一致》的笔记:
Theintelligenceofmanyseaanimalsareindeedamazing.(f)
Theintelligence…isindeedamazing.
Themayor,aswellasthelocalcitizens,waspleasedwiththeplansforDisneyland.
accompaniedby:
由……陪伴
alongwith:
和……一起
ratherthan:
而不是
Heratherthantheother100menismylove.
单数名词做主语,后面紧跟as
wellas,accompaniedby,
alongwith,ratherthan或介词
短语的插入语,谓语动词仍用单
数.
RomeoandJulietisatragedy.(书名)
Fourthousanddollarsaremorethanshecanafford.(f)
Fourthousanddollarsismorethanshecanafford.
Tip:
表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语做整体看待,用单数.
Nothingischeapifyoudon'twantit.
合成代词—one,—body,—thing,如everyone,nothing,anybody等做主语,用单数.
Everyoneisamoon,andhasadarksidewhichhenevershowstoanybody.
每个人都是一个月亮,都有让别人不愿看到的阴暗面。
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Manyalittlemakesamickle.
积少成多。
mickle:
大量,很多
代词each,either,neither,every,manya+名词做主语,用单数。
Notenjoyment,andnotsorrow,isourdestinedendorway;
not,each,every,no等修饰单数名词,用and连接
后做主语,谓语动词用单数
1.她需要80美元。
(need)
Eightydollarsiswhatsheneeds.
2.所有幸福的家庭都十分相似;而每个不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。
Allhappyfamiliesarelikeoneanother;eachunhappyfamilyhasdifferentmisfortune.
Fewpeoplelivetobe100
Bothteachingandresearchworkaremakinggreatstrides
Bothbreadandbutterweresoldoutinthatgrocery.(不可数)
stride:
很大的步伐
sophomore:
大二
freshman:
大一
junior:
大三
senior:
大四
Tip:
用both…and连接两个名词、代词做主语,用复数
在旅馆工作的经济报酬是很优厚的。
报酬:
benefit
Theeconomicbenefitsareverysubstantialinhotelwork.
优厚的:
adequate/substantial
盐和糖都容易溶解于水。
Both?
salt?
and?
sugar?
dissolve?
easily?
i
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Theteamiswellorganized.
Theteamarefullofenthusiasm.
enthusiasm:
活力,热情=passion
family:
家庭,家庭中的成员
committee:
委员会
crowd:
一群人,一帮人,群众
crew:
全体员工
couple:
一对夫妻,一对情侣
population:
总人口;人数
staff:
员工
faculty:
全体教职员
集合名词做整体,动词用单数;指具体成员,则用复数
有生命的集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数;无生命,则用单数
therebe句型;neither…nor…;either…or…谓语动词单复数遵循就近原则
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《主语从句》的笔记:
ThatMarystudiedharderthanjohn
isobvious.
WhetherUFOwassentbyaliensis
notclear.
Whatyoumustpayattentiontoarethedetails.
Whichroomyouwantisfinewithme.
HowHarryPotteropenedthedoorisamystery.
WhydoestheHoustonRocketswin?
+Thereasonwillbeanalyzedlater.
→WhytheHoustonRocketswinswillbeanalyzedlater.
Whichsidewillwin?
+Theresultisnotknownyet.
→Whichsidewillwinisnotknownyet.
(大多数父母所关心的)isprovidingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.
答案:
Whatmostparentsareconcernedabout
(给游客印象最深的)wasthefriendlinessandwarmthofthelocalpeople.
答案:
Whatimpressedthetouristsmost
令我印象最深的就是你的笑容。
Whatimpressedmeisyoursmile.
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《宾语从句》的笔记:
Ithink/suppose(that)…
Ibelieve/presume(that)…
Idaresay(that)…:
我敢说……
think,suppose,believe,presume,daresay等词后面出现that引导的宾语从句时,
that通常可以省略
inthat:
在于/因为
Hisrequestisunreasonableinthatheknowswecan'taffordit.
butthat:
要不是……
IwouldhavecometoseeyoubutthatIhadsomethingurgenttodothen.
urgent:
很紧急的,很重要的
exceptthat:
除了……
Iknownothingabouthimexceptthathelivesnextdoor.
Whetherhewillbeelected,Ican'tsay.
Itdependsonwhethertheyhaveenoughmoneytobuythathouse.
Idon'tknowwhetherornothewillcome.
whether引导的宾语从句位于句首、介词
后、或者在"whetherornot"结构中时,
只能用whether而不能用if。
job-hopping:
跳槽
job-hunting:
找工作
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《同位语从句、同位语短语》的笔记:
Thesupremehappinessoflifeisthe
convictionthatweareloved.
生活中最大的幸福就是坚信着有人爱我们。
takeseriously:
认真
bribe:
贿赂
putforward:
提出
完全:
completely/entirely
Itwasthekindofhomethatgathersmemorieslikedust——aplacefilled
withlaughterandplay,painandhurt,ghostsandgames.(排比)(家乡)
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《定语从句》的笔记:
Helaughsbestwholaughslast.
笑到最后的才是赢家!
Keeppeopleinyourlife.
Thesepeopleenhanceyourlife.
Thesepeoplemakeyoufeelappreciatedandboostyourspirits.
Youwouldtrulymissthesepeopleiftheyweregone
Keeppeopleinyourlife,whoenhanceyourlife,whomakeyoufeelappreciatedandboostyourspirits,
andwhomyouwouldtrulymissiftheyweregone.
who主动whom被动Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems(他们至今还没有答案)
答案:
towhichtheystillhavenoanswersyettillnow
作为一个负责任的学生在学习过程中应该严格要求自己进行正确的拼写。
答案:
Thestudentswhoareresponsibleshouldrequirethemselvestospellrightstrictlyintheprocessoflearning.
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《状语从句》的笔记:
onlyi