英语.docx

英语.docx

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英语

2009年SectionI  UseofEnglish

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1  thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2  toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3  bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4    innotbeingtooterrificallybright.

Intelligence,it5   out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6   thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7   —insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8 .

Isthereanadaptivevalueto9   intelligence?

That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10   atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11   ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12  themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.

Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13  onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14  ,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15 animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16  thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17 ,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.  18 ,theywouldhopetostudya19  question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

20  theresultsareinconclusive.

 1.[A]Suppose         [B]Consider       [C]Observe              [D]Imagine

2.[A]tended            [B]feared            [C]happened           [D]threatened

3.[A]thinner          [B]stabler           [C]lighter                  [D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency        [B]advantage      [C]inclination           [D]priority

5.[A]insistson       [B]sumsup        [C]turnsout             [D]putsforward

6.[A]off               [B]behind             [C]over                  [D]along

7.[A]incredible       [B]spontaneous  [C]inevitable                [D]gradual

8.[A]fight              [B]doubt           [C]stop                     [D]think

9.[A]invisible         [B]limited         [C]indefinite              [D]different

10.[A]upward        [B]forward       [C]afterward             [D]backward

11.[A]features        [B]influences    [C]results                 [D]costs

12.[A]outside        [B]on                 [C]by                     [D]across

13.[A]deliver          [B]carry           [C]  perform           [D]apply

14.[A]bychance      [B]incontrast   [C]asusual              [D]forinstance

15.[A]if                [B]unless          [C]as                     [D]lest

16.[A]moderate      [B]overcome    [C]determine           [D]reach

17.[A]at                    [B]for             [C]after                   [D]with

18.[A]Aboveall       [B]Afterall         [C]However            [D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental   [B]comprehensive    [C]equivalent       [D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident    [B]Intime                [C]Sofar               [D]Betterstill

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1 Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’ ”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing        

A.casual      B.familiar    C.mechanical   D.changeable.

22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe       

A.predicted   B.regulated   C.traced       D.guided

23.”ruts”（inlineone,paragraph3）hasclosestmeaningto      

A.tracks      B.series      C.characteristics D.connections

24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting       ?

A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed

B,nolongeremphasizescommonness

C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

D,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat

A.ideasarebornofarelaxingmind

B.innovativenesscouldbetaught

C.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas

D.curiosityactivatescreativeminds

Text2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting. AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

      Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

      Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.

[A]easyavailability

 [B]flexibilityinpricing 

[C]successfulpromotion

 [D]popularitywithhouseholds

27.PTKisusedto__________.

[A]locateone’sbirthplace

[B]promotegeneticresearch

[C]identifyparent-childkinship

[D]choosechildrenforadoption

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.

[A]tracedistantancestors                                              

[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation                                           

[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfa