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动词不定式动名词
动词不定式、动名词
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动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容
⒈不定式作主语 ﻫ 动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
ﻫ
(1)把不定式置于句首。
如:
ﻫ Togettherebybike willtakeus halfanhour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。
如:
ﻫ ①It+be+名词+to doﻫ It'sourdutyto takegoodcareofthe old. ﻫ ②It takes sb+sometime+todoﻫ Howlong did ittakeyoutofinishthe work?
③It+be+形容词+forsb+todo
Itisdifficultfor ustofinishwritingthe compositioninaquarterofan hour. ﻫ ④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todo ﻫ Itis stupidof youtowrite downeverythingtheteachersays.ﻫ ⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoﻫ Itseemedimpossible tosavemoney.ﻫ 在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:
difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。
这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:
It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmy English.=Youarekindtohelpmewithmy English.ﻫ ⒉动名词作主语ﻫ Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。
如:
ﻫ ①It's +nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing… ﻫ It'snogoodreadingindimlight.
It's nousesittingherewaiting.
②It's+形容词+doingﻫ It'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.ﻫ 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式 代替,如:
It'simportantfor youto keepfit.
③Thereis no+doing
There isnosayingwhat will happennext.
在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It'simpossible to…"结构。
ﻫ ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别ﻫ ①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。
如:
It's nogoodeatingtoo much fat.
It'sno goodforyoutoeatsomuch fat.
②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。
如:
It's nouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.ﻫ 二、作宾语 ﻫ ⒈不定式作宾语ﻫ ①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。
如:
agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。
如:
I decided to askformymoneyback.
IdecidedthatI would ask for my money back.ﻫ Whenourvisitto thefarmwasover,weexpected tostartbackon foot.ﻫ Whenourvisittothe farmwas over,weexpectedthat wewould startback onfoot.ﻫ ②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:
主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。
如:
We thinkitquiteimportantforus tolearnaforeignlanguage well.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelp thepoor.
③介词but,except,besides+todo(do)
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。
如:
Theenemysoldiers hadnochoice buttogivein.ﻫ OnSunday afternoonIhadnothing to dobut watchTV.ﻫ ⒉动名词作宾语ﻫ ①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:
admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don'tmind,giveup,insist,on,put off等。
如:
Isuggestspendingoursummervacation inaseasidetown. ﻫ Youmustgiveup smoking,foritdoes toomuchharmtoyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadof stayingathome.
WhataboutinvitingLiJun tomakeaspeech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:
havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,lose notime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisno use(in)doing等。
ﻫ ⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。
如:
begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:
Your handwr itingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:
I'd liketohaveacupof coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:
Thestudents arestartingto workon the di fficult mathsproblem.ﻫ ③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:
I soonbegantounderstand what
washappening. ﻫ ⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。
如:
Ourteachersdon'tpermitour swimminginthelake.
Ourteachers don'tpermitus toswim in thelake.ﻫ ⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。
如:
Don'tforget fopost the letterfor me.ﻫ Haveyou forgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?
ﻫ Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyou leave.ﻫ Irememberwritinghim aletterayearago.ﻫ Weregrettotellyou thatallof youarenotinvitedtoattendthe meeting.ﻫ Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfrom abroad.
②meantodo打算做某事
doing意味着……ﻫ I meanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.
Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.
③trytodo设法尽力做某事
doing试着做某事
You shouldtry to overcomeyourshortcomings. ﻫ Tryworkingoutthephysics probleminanotherway.ﻫ ④stop todo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
doing停止做某事
Ontheway to theairport,I stopped tobuyapaper. ﻫ You'd betterstoparguinganddo as youaretold.
⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住……ﻫ to do不能帮助干……ﻫ Theycouldn'thelp jumpingupatthenews. ﻫ Sorry Ihave lotsofworkto do.SoIcan'thelpto makeuptheroomfor you.ﻫ ⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续
He wentonto talk aboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
ﻫ We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppression inthe world.ﻫ ⑦leave off todo离开某地去干什么(目的状语)
doing停下某事ﻫ It'stime toleaveoff talkingandtostartacting.ﻫ They leftofftogo fishing. ﻫ 三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
ﻫ ①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.
②Mychiefpurpose isto point outthedifficultiesofthe matter.
③WhatIwouldsuggest isto putoffthemeeting.ﻫ 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。
当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容。
ﻫ ④Ourworkisservingthepeople.
⑤Whathelikesistaking awalkafter supper.
⑥The story toldbyMr.Wangis interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
ﻫ 四、作定语ﻫ ⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
如:
①Thenext trainto arrive isfromWashington.ﻫ ②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyour sister?
ﻫ ③Do youhaveanything tosayonthequestion?
④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?
ﻫ ⑤My wishtovisitFrancehascometrue atlast.ﻫ 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
ﻫ (1)表示将来的动作(例①)。
ﻫ (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
ﻫ (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。
⒉动名词作定语ﻫ ①Thispassagecanbe usedaslisteningmaterials.ﻫ ②The reading roomofourschoollibrary can hold800people.
③Allmoving bodieshaveenergy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:
用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。
如:
The man standingat theschoolgate isProfessorHua.ﻫ 五、不定式作补足语ﻫ ⒈作宾语补足语ﻫ 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:
allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。
如:
ﻫ ①Would youlikemeto giveyour regardsto Mary?
ﻫ ②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.
(2)部分动词后常接tobe+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时tobe可省略,如:
believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。
①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.
②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachers ofNo. 1Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:
Weconsiderhimtohavebeen foolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①Ididn't hearanyone sayanythingaboutit.
②They makethestudents do too much homeworkeveryday.
这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:
Thestudentsaremadetodo toomuchhomework
everyday.ﻫ (4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。
如:
Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fill inthetaxform?
ﻫ I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:
Hewasknown tohavebeen toFrancebefore.ﻫ (5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:
You maydepend onthemto be thereearly.ﻫ TheParty callsonustoincreaseproduction andpractiseeconomy.
常这样用的短语动词有:
askfor,carefor,callon,count on,dependon,waitfor,long for(渴望), preparefor,wishfor等。
⒉作主语补足语 ﻫ 不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。
如:
①Hewasnot allowedtoenterthe classroomforbeinglate. ﻫ ②Theyoung universitystudent is considered tohavegreat promise.ﻫ 六、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语ﻫ (1)①Istayedtheretosee whatwould happen.
②Henryhas decided togo tothe hospitaltobe examinedbythedoctor.ﻫ
(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或soas。
如:
ﻫ Bobtookdownmytelephone numberso as(inorder)not toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so asto不能这样用。
在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorder that,成为目的状语从句,如:
ﻫ I stayedthere so that(in orderthat)Icouldseewhatwould happen.ﻫ (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:
astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①Wearegladtohearthenews.ﻫ ②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbaby could writesowell.
在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
如:
The questionraisedby thestudentis difficult toanswer.
Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein. ﻫ 常这样用的形容词有:
comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
ﻫ ⒉作结果状语 ﻫ Wecamehomeafterour holidaytofind our gardenneatandtidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。
如:
①so…asto;such…asto
I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoput it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
ﻫ I'm notsuchastupid foolasto put itinwriting.ﻫ ②enough…toﻫ Thespeedishighenoughforus tocatch upwiththefirstliner.
③onlyto
Janehurriedbackonly tofindher motherdyinginthehospital.
④too…to ﻫ I'mtootired tostayuplonger.ﻫ 但在下列