全国基础英语训练知识.docx
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全国基础英语训练知识
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1、PassageOne
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.
Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.
Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat(栖息地)lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.
What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.
Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.
Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反两方面)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:
energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.
Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.
1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?
A)ByitsproductivityC)Byitsimpactontheenvironment
B)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth
2.Specialisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin________.
A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseas
B)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity
3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?
A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth
C)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly
4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury
A)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts
C)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment
5Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?
A)Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment
B)Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction
C)Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress
D)Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis
2、PassageTwo
Hawaii'snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago'spoliticalestablishment,whichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntilthesecondworldwarandpeopleofJapanese,ChineseandFilipinoorigins,isopposedtotheidea.
TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii'snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate'shomeless,sufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.
ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii'sfirstnativegovernor,JoahnWaihee,hasgiventhenatives'causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertoreestablishasovereignHawaiiannation.
However,theHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywithinthestate--asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairs(OHA),astateagencysetupin1978torepresentthenatives'interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousistheKaLahuigroup,whichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfull,officialindependencefromtheUS.
ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomy,itisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountasnativethosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianblood.
Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievances,though.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660,000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933,thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis.
1.Hawaii'snativeminorityrefersto_________________.
A.Hawaii'sethnicgroups
B.peopleofFilipinoorigin
C.theKaLahuigroup
D.peoplewithmorethan50%Hawaiianblood
2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftheHawaiiannatives?
A.Sixtypercentofthemarehomelessorunemployed.
B.theirlifespanis5yearsshorterthanaverageAmericans.
C.TheirlifeisworsethanthatofotherethnicgroupsinHawaii.
D.Theyaretheonlynativegroupwithoutsovereignty.
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofJohnWaihee?
A.HeisHawaii'sfirstnativegovernor.
B.Hehassetupasovereigntyadvisorycommittee.
C.Hesuggestedthenativepeopledecideforthemselves.
D.Heisleadingthelocalindependencemovement.
4.Whichofthefollowinggroupsholdsalessradicalattitudeonthematterofsovereignty?
A.AmericanIndiannatives.
B.OfficeofHawaiianAffairs.
C.TheKaLahuigroup.
D.TheHawaiiannatives.
5.VariousnativeHawaiiansdemandallthefollowingEXCEPT____________.
A.agreaterautonomywithinthestate
B.morebackrentonthecrownland
C.aclaimontheHawaiiancrownland
D.fullindependencefromtheUS
3、PassageThree
Thepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreepingupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointsincethemid1920s.
WearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespollutingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortnewcomers.Theirloudestcriticsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.
Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.
AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thantheirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinue.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundasimilartrendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemired(陷入)inaseeminglypermanentstateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-Americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandardschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanyethnicgroupinthecountry.
Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.
Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.
1.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?
A)Theywereofinferiorraces.
B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorru