英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx

英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx

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英语写作lesson4paragraphwriting

Lesson4

段落写作

ParagraphWriting

Questionstoconsider:

vWhatisaparagraph?

vWhatisthestructureofatypicalEnglishparagraph?

vWhatkindofparagraphsarestrong/goodparagraphs?

Paragraph

agroupofsentencesthatdealwiththesamesubjectortopic

severalrelatedsentencesthatsupportonemainidea,whichislimitedtoandfocusedinonesentence.

段落的结构

（paragraphstructure）

v主题句（topicsentence）TS（+重述（restating）R）

v+发展句（Supporting/developingsentences）D

v+结论句（concludingsentence）C

v基本结构：

TS-（R）-D1-D2-D3-（C）

v主题句：

段首（普遍），提出主题

v重述句：

放在主题句后面，使它更具体，明确。

v展开句：

段中，论证，阐明，支持主题

v结论句：

段尾，对段落的中心思想进行重述，总结或评论。

vEinsteinwasapurelyandexclusivelyatheorist.Hedidn’thavetheslightestinterestinthepracticalapplicationofhisideasandthetheories.HisE=mc2isprobablythemostfamousequationinhistory—yetEinsteinwouldn’twalkdownthestreettoseeareactorcreateatomicenergy.HewontheNobelPrizeforhisPhotoelectricTheory,aseriesofequationsthatheconsideredrelativelyminorinimportancehedidn’thaveanycuriosityinobservinghowhistheorymadeTVpossible.

vFriendsareveryimportanttous.Theyshareourjoysandsorrows,andmakeourlifemeaningful.Alifewithoutfriendsisnotworthliving.Friendshipislikesunlighttothehumanspirit;wecannotflowerandgrowwithoutit.Soweshouldmakeasmanyfriendsaspossible.

v发展句不能简单的重复主题句的思想

Topicsentence

vWhatisatopicsentence?

vWhatarethefunctionsofthetopicsentence?

vWhatarethetwopartsofatopicsentence?

vWhatkindoftopicsentencesare“good”topicsentences?

vWherecanoneusuallyfindthetopicsentences?

Topicsentence

（governor）

vastatementthatdeclaresthemainideaofaparagraph,

vandlimitsthetopictosomespecificpoints,controlsthedevelopmentofthefollowingsentences.

主题句的构成

v主题topic+主导思想controllingidea：

vTopic:

中心事件，问题，解决的任务，论点--subject

vControllingidea:

作者的看法，观点，对主题的具体限定--attitudetowardsthesubject

主题句的特点：

v1） 段落主题句只能有一个主题。

v2） 段落主题句必须具备一个主导思想，即段落主题句中必须包含一个等待发展的思想；

v3） 段落主题句必须具有一定的限定性。

其限定内容有助于段落的铺开和抒发，避免段落在展开过程中偏离主题方向。

Controllingidea

vThevoterssupportedthecandidate.

vThevoterspassivelysupportedthecandidate.

vThevotersfoundseveralreasonsforsupportingthecandidate.

vAdictionaryisusefultoolforacollegestudent.

vPoorhandwritingcanoftengetyouintotrouble.

vTakingayoungchildtolunchrequirespatience.

vEnrollingincollegecanbeverysurprising.

vElectricityisanessentialpartofourmodernlife.

vWhat+how/whatspecific

vDoinghouseworkisveryboring.

vMytriptothebotanicalgardentaughtmealot.

v主题句直接点明某事物的作用，优点或看法。

　　　　Topic:

 Solar Energy　　

vSolar energy can contribute to our future energy supply.

v主题句指出人们对某主题的论述要点。

　　　　Topic:

 Solar Energy

vSolar energyisgettingpopularforseveralreasons.

Agoodtopicsentence

vGrammaticallycorrect

v---limitedtoorfocusedononespecificmainidea

Agoodtopicsentenceisusuallyonewithawell-definedcontrollingideathatcanbereasonablydevelopedwithinaparagraph.

vGeneraltopic:

television

vLimitedtopic:

televisioncommercials

vTopicsentence:

Toomanytelevisioncommercialscanbeadisaster.

vGeneraltopic:

television

vLimitedtopic:

effectsonpeople

vTopicsentence:

Televisionhasmorepositiveeffectsthannegativeeffects.

ForauniversitystudentinChina,livingonthecampusisbeneficialtohisstudy.

vWinteristhemostboringseasonoftheyear.

vBuyinginsuranceisagoodwayofinvestment.

v1）Itmusttaketheformofacompletesentence

一定要注意，主题句不能使用短语代替。

v2） 主题句不能太笼统：

Marriageisdifferent.

vTopic sentence:

 I love our school campus.

这个主题句没有限制一个合适的范围,包括的内容面太宽,不好下笔，因此可改为:

 I love our school campus for 

several reasons.

vMarriageisdifferentfromthatofmygrandmother’stime.

v3） 主题句涉及的面也不能太窄,否则就没有展开讨论的余地。

　　　Topic sentence:

 I go to college to make friends.

v此类涉及面太窄的主题句就不好进一步发挥,这一主题句可改为:

 I go to college for several reasons.

vtopicsentence≠simplefact

vFact:

Billworksninehoursadayandthengoestoschoolthreehoursanight.

vTopicsentence:

Billisambitious.

vFact:

Dianahasblueeyesandlongblondhair.

vTopic:

Dianaisbeautiful.

vFact:

Susanpaid$3.95forhernewdress.

vTopicsentence:

Susanlovestoshopforbargains.

vFact:

IknowMr.Charles.

vTopicsentence:

Mr.CharlesisthemeanestmanIeverknow.

Agoodtopicsentence

＊asentenceratherthanaphraseorafragment

＊neithertoobroadnortoospecific

＊focusingononesingleidea

＊Goodtopicsentence:

clearinideaandeasytoorganize

vIwasemployedlastsummerbytheKFCnearmyschool.

vI’dratherworkindoorsthanoutdoors.

vIworkparttimewhilegoingtoschool.

vSusanisconfused.

vSusanisundecidedaboutgettingmarried.

vSusandoesnotwantacareer.

v_____________________________Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers—unread,untouched.Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks—afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.Thethirdhasafewbooksormany—everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbleinfromfronttoback.

vTherearethreekindsofbookowners.

v__________________Thetableswheretheworkerssatwereveryhighanduncomfortable.Exceptforahalfhouratlunchtime,therewerenobreaksinthedaytorelievetheboringwork.Therewasnomusic.Thewallsoftheworkroomswereadullgraycolor.Iwasamazedthattheworkershadn’tgoneonstrike.

vTheworkingconditionswerepoor.

v__________________Intownsandinvillages,onfarmsandinfactories,machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods----everything.Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.

vOurlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.

Positionofthetopicsentence

vatthebeginning

vattheend

vinthemiddleofaparagraph

vimpliedorsuggested

（notwrittenoutatall）

positionofthetopicsentence

一，段落的开端，预示或概述所要展开的内容。

v结构：

TS-D1-D2-D3

v绝大多数的说明文，以论文均采用这种模式，这是最广泛的一种模式。

v下面逐渐扩大，给主题句的论点提供细节和论证

Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazingnaturalfeatures.First,itisnotedfortheDawenRiver,whichiswideandfullofsandandsilt.Also,ontheedgeoftheTai’anisMountTai,whichaworld-famousbecauseitisverysteep.ThethirdamazingfeatureistheBigOldTree.Itstandstwohundredfeettallandisprobablyaboutsixhundredyearsold.

主题句放在段末

v先从许多细节出发，逐渐收拢，一步步归纳到中心论点，用一个主题句画龙点睛，把前面陈述的一切概括起来，做出结论。

v结构模式：

D1-D2-D3-TS

Englishisspokenbypilotsandairportscontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworld’smailiswritteninEnglish.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogramsareinEnglish.ClearlyEnglishisaninternationallanguage.

v同时位于段首和段末：

用于强调本段的重要性

vTheendrestatementismorestronglyexpressesthanthebeginningtopicsentence.

vGoodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandfolks;theJapanese'seatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“hi”whentheymeet;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue,butinallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothers.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.

v位于段中：

除了概括本段的中心意思外，亦起承上启下的过渡作用。

vserveasaconnectorortransition.

vIfyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:

“ColorTV.Only＄79Twodaysale.However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.

v主题句隐藏于文中。

v用于不需要概括，读者也能轻易理解的段落内容，多为描写和叙事文。

只要中心突出，意思紧凑，也可达到好的写作效果，但不建议初学者使用。

vDr.JoanT.Freyberghasconcludedthatdaydreamingcontributestointellectualgrowth.Italsoimprovesconcentration,attentionspan,andtheabilitytogetalongwithothers,shesaid.Inanexperimentwithschoolchildren,shefoundthatdaydreamingletchildrentopaymoreattentiontodetails.Theyhavemorehappyfeelings.Anotherresearcherreportedthatdaydreamingseemedtoproduceimprovedself-controlandcreativeabilities.

Homework

1.Previewthewaysofdevelopingaparagraph.

2.topicforwriting:

generationgap;

newwaysofbuildingahouse;

thehousingprobleminchina

SupportingDetailsSearching

GroupWork:

Topicsentence:

Ieasilygiveupdoingmyhomework.

Ialwaysstarttofeelhungryandgointothekitchenforasnack.

IwillleavemystudyingtoinvestigateanynoiseIhear.

WhileIstudy,Itrytolistentotheradiowithoneear.

Ioftenleavemydesktogotothemirror,tocombmyhair.

Often,inthemiddleofanassignment,Idecidethatmyshoesneedpolishinganddothatinsteadoftheassignmentinfrontofme.

段落的发展

v在主题句确定后，需要围绕主题中心扩展成段落。

扩展的方式有多种，本节重点介绍排列顺序、比较和对照、因果推理、分类和举例。

vTheTopicSentence

v（ifpossiblewithlinktopreviousparagraph）

vFollowedby

vParagraphDevelopmentSentences

v（expansion/explanation/

c