英语读写译教师讲义 浙江农林.docx

英语读写译教师讲义 浙江农林.docx

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英语读写译教师讲义浙江农林

英语读写译课程教师讲义

Readingcomprehension

Passage1

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　ArecentBBCdocumentary,TheTownThatNeverRetired,soughttoshowtheeffectsofincreasingthestatepensionagebyputtingretireesbacktowork.

　　Althoughtheresultswereentertaining,theyneednothavebothered.Awayfromthecameras,unprecedentednumbersofolderpeoplearestayinginwork.Sincethestartoftherecessionthatbeganin2008,thenumberof16-to24-year-oldsinworkhasfallenby597,000.Overthesameperiodthenumberofworkersovertheageof65hasincreasedby240o000.

　　ThegrayingoftheBritishworkforcedatesbacktoaround2001,sincewhentheproportionofolderpeopleworkinghasnearlydoubled.Butithasacceleratedsincethestartoftherecession.Thereareseveralreasonswhy.Happily,peoplearelivinglongerandhealthierlives,whichmakesstayinginworklessdauntingthanitwas.Lesshappily,lowinterestrates,astagnantstockmarketandtheendofmanydefined-benefit（固定收益）pensionschemesmakeitafinancialnecessity.Andchangingattitudes,spurredbyrulesagainstagediscrimination,aremakingiteasierthanever.

　　Mostolderworkersaresimplyhangingonattheoffice:

63%ofworkersoverstatepensionagehavebeenwiththeiremployerformorethantenyears.Overtwo-thirdsofthemworkpart-time,mostlydoingjobsthattheyonceperformedfull-time.Abigadvantageisthattheydonotpaynationalinsurancecontributionseffectivelyasecondincometaxonyoungerworkers.

　　AccordingtoStephenMcNair,directoroftheCenterforResearchintotheOlderWorkforce,thisflexibilityexplainswhyolderworkershavenotsufferedsomuchintheslump.Insteadofslashingtheworkforce,asinpreviousrecessions,manyfirmshavehaltedrecruitmentandcutworkinghours.Atsmallbusinessesinparticular,keepingonolderworkersischeaperandlessriskythantrainingreplacements.Overhalfofworkersoverstatepensionageworkforbusinesseswithfewerthan25employees.

　　ChristopherNipper,whoownsDavidNipper,awomenwearmanufacturerbasedinDerbyshire,prizeshissemi-retiredworkers,whocanbeemployedatshortnoticeanddonotneedtoworkfull-timetosurvive.Retiredmachinistscanfillinifthereisasurgeinorders;formersalesadviserscanworkaspart-timeconsultants.Ashiscompetitorshavemovedproductionabroad,depletingthepooloftrainedlabor,retainingolderworkersandtheirskillshasbecomeevenmoreimportant.

　　Thereisscopefortheolderworkforcetoexpand.Workersovertheageof50whoaremadeunemployedfindithardertopickupnewjobs,whichcouldmeanthatmoreoldsterswanttoworkthanareableto.Thatwouldbegood.TheOfficeforBudgetResponsibility,thefiscalwatchdog,reportedonJuly12ththatanaging,unproductivepopulationisthebiggestlong-termthreattoBritain'seconomichealth.

　　DatafromtheOECD,athink-tank,showsthatemploymentratesamongworkersapproachingretirementagearesplitinEurope,witholdworkershangingonbestinthenorth.Governmentcreditratingsfollowasimilarpattern.ThatBritain'sagingworkforcemorecloselyresemblesGermany'sthanItaly'scouldprovethecountry'ssalvation（拯救）.

1.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheBBCdocumentaryTheTownThatNeverRetired?

　　A）Whatitintendstorevealiscontrarytothereality.

　　B）Ithasreceivedgoodcommentsfromaudience.

　　C）ItaimstocriticizethepoorpensionprovisionintheUK.

　　D）Itreflectsthecurrentphenomenonofretireescomingbacktowork.

2.Accordingtothepassage,"it"（Line6,Para.2）refersto__________.

　　A）agediscrimination

　　B）thechangingattitude

　　C）afinancialnecessity

　　D）stayinginworkafterretiring

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheolderworkersintheUK?

　　A）Mostofthemareloyaltotheirformeremployers.

　　B）Mostofthemrarelychallengethemselvesbyseekingnewtypesofjobs.

　　C）Theydonothavetopaynationalincometax.

　　D）63%ofthemcontinuetoworkovertheretirementage.

4.AccordingtoChristopherNieper,whyaresemi-retiredworkersfavoredinhiring?

　　A）Becausetheycanfillinthejobvacancyinabrieftime.

　　B）BecausethepooloflaborintheUKisdrained.

　　C）Becausetheyworkharderthantheyokingbecauseofeconomicpressure.

　　D）Becausetheirworkinghourscanbeasflexibleastheywant.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat__________.

　　A）Britain'sagingworkforceissimilartoItaly's

　　B）Britain'screditratingsarehigherthanItaly's

　　C）Britain'ssalvationisbetterthanGermany's

D）Britain'semploymentratesofagingworkforcearehigherthanGermany's

答案解析：

1．A）。

定位由题干中的BBCdocumentary，TheTownThatNeverRetired定位到第一段第一、二句：

ArecentBBCdocumentary，TheTownThatNeverRetired，soughttoshowtheeffectsofincreasingthestatepensionagebyputtingretireesbacktowork．Althoughtheresultswereentertaining，theyneednothavebothered．

详解推理判断题。

本题考查有关纪录片《永不退休的城镇》的理解。

由定位句“英国广播公司最近推出一部纪录片《永不退休的城镇》，该纪录片旨在表现通过促使退休人员重回工作岗位来提高国家退休年龄这一政策所带来的影响。

片子虽然有趣，但影片制作者们真是杞人忧天了”可知，实际情况是人们到了退休年龄会主动要求继续工作，与这部纪录片所要表达的内容相反，故答案为A）。

B）“这部纪录片得到了观众的好评”为过度推断，该段第二句仅指出“片子虽然有趣”，故排除；C）“这部纪录片旨在批评英国糟糕的退休金条款”与D）“这部纪录片反映出目前退休职工重返工作的现象”均未在原文中提及，故排除。

　　2．D）。

定位由题干定位到第二段最后一句：

Andchangingattitudes，spurredbyrulesagainstagediscrimination，aremakingiteasierthanever．

　　详解语义理解题。

本题考查代词…it的指代。

定位句提到，而且在禁止年龄歧视规定的驱动下，人们的态度在慢慢改变，这也使之较以往更容易。

该段主题为英国劳动力老龄化及其原因，定位句为劳动力老龄化的最后一点原因，故it指代退休后重返工作岗位，故答案为D）。

　　3．B）。

定位根据题干定位到第三段第一、二句：

Mostolderworkersaresimplyhangingonattheoffice：

63%ofworkersoverstatepensionagehavebeenwiththeiremployerformorethantenyears．Overtwo—thirdsofthemworkpart-time，mostlydoingjobsthattheyonceperformedfull-time．

　　详解事实细节题。

本题考查英国老年劳动者的情况。

定位句提到，大多数老年就业者还是坚守在原来的岗位：

在超过国家退休年龄的工作者中，63%的人和雇主共事的时间已超过十年。

这些人中，超过三分之二的人现在从事兼职，主要从事他们全职时曾做过的工作。

换言之，年长的工作者大都很少挑战新类型的工作，故B）为答案。

A）“大多数年长的工作者对之前的老板很衷心”为过度推断，故排除；C）“年长的工作者不用缴纳国家工资税”，该段最后一句指出“不用再支付国民保险税”，而非国家工资税，故排除；D）“63%的年长工作者超过退休年龄后继续工作”是对原文内容的曲解，故排除。

　　4．A）。

定位由题干中的ChristopherNieper和semi-retiredworkers定位到第五段第一句：

ChristopherNieper，whoownsDavidNieper，awomenswearmanufacturerbasedinDerbyshire，prizeshissemi—retiredworkers．whoCanbeemployedatshortnoticeanddonotneedtoworkfull—timetosurvive．Retiredmachinistscallfillinifthereisasurgeinorders．

　　详解事实细节题。

本题考查ChristopherNieper珍视他的半退休员工们的原因。

由定位句可知，克里斯多夫很珍视他的半退休员工们，这些人可在短时间内上工而且并不需要全职工作来谋生，A）中的fillinthejobvacancy和inabrieftime分别对应原文的beemployed和atshortnotice，故为答案。

B）“因为英国劳动力已耗尽”，该段最后一句指出“抛弃了熟练的工人”，而非耗尽了所有的劳动力，故排除；C）“由于经济压力，他们比年轻的劳动力更努力工作”，定位句指出“这些人可在短时间内上工而且并不需要全职工作来谋生”，说明他们经济压力不大，与原文不符，故排除；D）“因为他们的工作时间自由，可以随意安排”为过度推断，故排除。

　　5．B）。

定位由题干提示定位到最后一段．：

……showsthatemploymentratesamongworkersapproachingretirementagearesplitinEurope，witholdworkershangingOilbestinthenorth．Governmentcreditratingsfollowasimilarpattern．ThatBritain’sageingworkforcemorecloselyresemblesGermany’sthanItaly’scouldprovethecountry’ssalvation．

详解推理判断题。

定位句指出，临近退休工人的就业率在欧洲是不平衡的，在北部的老年员工就业情况最好。

政府的信用级别也与此成正相关。

英国的老年劳动力更类似于德国而非意大利，这一点可以证实这个国家的自救措施在起作用。

由此可知，英国的老年劳动力的就业情况好于意大利，所以其政府的信用级别要高于意大利，故答案为B）。

A）“英国老龄劳动力与意大利类似”与原文不符，故排除；C）“英国的解救措施好于德国”，定位句指出“英国的老龄化劳动力更类似于德国”，故无法判断孰重孰轻，为过度推断，故排除；D）“英国老龄劳动力的就业率高于德国”与原文不符，故排除。

Passage2

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　Recentreportssuggestthatteacancausebrittlebones-butyou'llprobablybesafeifyoudrinklessthanagallonaday.

Doyoufancyacupoftea?

Wedrink,onaverage,threemugsaday.Butyoumightwanttotryanotherstrongalcoholafterhearingthecaseofa47-year-oldwoman,publishedintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine（NEJM）,whodevelopedbrittlebonesandlostallofherteethafterdrinkingtoomuchtea.

　　Teamaynotbesogreatforprostates（前列腺）either.Lastyear,researchfromtheUniversityof　Glasgowfoundthatmenwhodrankmorethansevenormorecupsofteaadayhada50%higherriskof　prostatecancer.Andin2009apaperintheBritishMedicalJournalshowedthatdrinkingveryhottea（70ｏCormore）increasedthelikelihoodofesophageal（食管的）cancer.

　　Stillgaspingforthatcupoftea?

Thereissomeevidencethatteacanbegoodforyoutoo,with　antioxidantproperties,somaybeyou'renotactuallydrinkingenoughofthestuff.

　　ThepoorwomanintheNEJMstudyisnotalone.Thereareafewothercasesofpeoplewhohave　damagedtheirbonesthroughtoomuchtea.Butshe（likethoseinotherstudies）wasdrinkingexcessive　amounts:

100-150teabagsadaytomake12cupsoftea.Aliterofteacancontainupto9mgoffluoride（氟化物）,whichinexcesscancauseskeletalfluorosis（氟中毒）,reducingbonequalityandcausingpainandstiffeningoftheligaments（韧带）.Otherstudiesshowyougenerallyneedtodrinkagallonadayforthreedecadestodevelopthiscondition.

　　Youalsoshouldn'tworryabouttheGlasgowstudyasitwasn'tdesignedtoshowthatdrinkingteaactuallycausedprostatecancer.Allitprovedwasanassociationandpeoplewereonlyaskedhowmuchteatheydrankatthestartofthestudy,whichwentonforabout28years.

　　TheNationalCancerInstituteintheU.S.concludesthattheevidenceisn'tgoodenoughtosayteaeitherharmsorhelpsourhealth.HoweveritdoesseemsensibleinthelightoftheBMJstudytowaitforyourteatocooldownforafewminutes.

　　Blacktea,whichmakesup75%oftheworld'sconsumption,mayhavehealthypropertiesfromitsplantchemicalscalledpolyphenols（多酚）,whichareantioxidants.Greenteacontainsmorepolyphenolsbutisn'tsonicetodunkdigestivesinto.

　　AreviewoftheevidenceintheEuropeanJournalofClinicalNutrition,sponsoredbytheTeaCouncil--which,theauthorssay,h