娱乐机器人外文翻译.docx
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娱乐机器人外文翻译
附录一
EntertainmentRobots
Sarcos,aUtah-basedcompany,developedtherobotshownatleft.With30jointsarrangedinatorsosupporting fivebranchingchains,thisisthemostkinematicallycomplexrobotIhaveeverseen.Unlikemostrobotsthatareeitherelectricorhydraulic,thisrobotutilizespneumaticmotors.
Sarcoshasdevelopedsomeoftheworld'smostsophisticatedhumanoidrobotsandvirtualrealityinterfaces.Sarcosentertainmentrobotsareconstructednotonlytobehighperformance,butalsotobesensitiveandgraceful.Sarcoshasplacedagreatdealofemphasisontheaestheticsofitshumanoidaswellastheengineering.Itscorporatestaffincludesleadingdesigners,artistsandcraftspeoplewhostyletherobots.Conceptdevelopmentandgraphicrenderingsaresupportedbyacompletesculptingfacility,wherehigh-performanceskinsandothercoveringsareproduced.TheycanbeteleoperatedbyaremoteoperatorwearingaSenSuitorbyacomputer-controlledplaybackofapreprogrammedshow.Recently,aSarcosrobotnamedDBhasbeenusedbytheERATObrainprojectinJapantoenablemotionlearning.DBhas30D.O.F.andisnicelypackagedinan80kg,1.85mbody.AtetherconnectsDBwithitsairsupplyandcontrolcomputers.
AnydiscussionofentertainmentrobotshastoincludeDisney.Theyhavebeendoingentertainmentrobotsaslongasanyoneandtheydothemquitewell.WithdancingbearsandsingingpiratesDisney'simagineershavecreatedthousandsofrobots.TherobotshownatleftisnewasofAugust,2003.ItisarobotdinosaurnamedLucky.Hewalksonhistwobacklegsandpullsaverylargecartof"silkflowers".Reallythecartisfullofbatteries.EvenDisneyhasnotfigured-outthebatteryissuethatplaguesmobilerobots.Thiswastheonlywaytheycouldgetenoughbatterylifefortherobottospendameaningfulamountoftimewanderingtheamusementpart.
Idon'tdorollercoasters,butI'msuremykidswouldlovethis.Accordingtothemanufacturer,KUKARobotics,thisisthefirstrobotwithworld-widecertificationtohandlehumanbeings.KUKAmakesrobotsofveryhigh-quality,soIwouldletmykidsride.Here'sadescriptionfromtheKUKAsite"IntheuniqueROBOCOASTERfromKUKARoboter,theadvantagesofthepracticallyunrestrictedfreedomofmotionandexcellentdynamicperformanceofanindustrialrobothavebeenexploitedintheleisureandamusementindustryforthefirsttime."
Andwhocanforgettheconsumerentertainmentrobotsthathavecomeontothemarketinthelastdecadeorso?
FromthoselittleFurby'sthatgoforaroundtwenty
buckstoSony'sAibo(twoofwhichareshownatleft)thatcantopathousanddollarsapop;thesehavebeenthefirstrobotstoreallypervadeourhomes.OneofthefunniestthingsIhaveeverseenwasmydogrunningaroundthehousewitha"live"Furbyinitsmouth.MydogwouldgiveitashakeeverynowandthenandtheFurbywasgoingofflikeitwas,well,likeitwasbeingshakeninadog's
TheLegoMindstormsarealsoabigplayerinthiscategory.FutureroboticistswilllikelyremembertheirfirstLegoMindstormsinthesamewaytoday'scomputerscientistsremembertheirfirstTRS80personalcomputer.
Someentertainmentrobotsarenotmuchmorethanrolling,remote-controlledspeakerphoneswithvideocamera"eyes."Theycanwanderaroundatpartiesandplaypre-recordedjinglesordisplayscrollingmessagestopromoteacompany'sproductsordistributepromotionalliterature.
FloridaRoboticsmakesrobotslikethese.Theyalsomakemorecomplexrobotsthathavethecapabilitytotalkwithon-lookersandincludefiberoptichair,remoteFloridaRoboticsmakesrobotslikethese.Theyalsomakemorecomplexrobotsthathavethecapabilitytotalkwithon-lookersandincludefiberoptichair,remotesmoke.
DisneymakesuseofaFloridaRoboticsrobotcalled"X1846"atWaltDisneyWorldinOrlando,Florida.X1846servesdrinksthere.Heck,I'lltakearobotthatcanbringmeasoda.
BugRobots
Idon'tshowmanypeopleonthissite,butthereisnodiscussionofbugrobotswithoutRodneyBrooks.Heprettymuchstartedthebugrobotidea.ThereissomuchinformationonlineaboutRodney,hisworkatMITandwithiRobotthatIamnotevengoingtobotherwiththat.IwilltellyouaboutatimeIhadlunchwithhiminthemid-1990'sjustofftheStanfordUniversitycampus.I'msurehedoesn'tremember.ItwasagroupoftenortwentypeoplepresentingresearchworkandIwasluckyenoughtositatthesametableasRodney.Wetalkedaboutourkids,ourwives,theweatherandnoneaboutrobots.He'saniceguy;withanunassuming,down-to-earthpersonalityandanAustralianaccent.IdofinditinterestingthatRodney'sroboticsresearchhasprogressedfrombugs,tohorses,todogsandnowontohumanoidrobots.Akindofevolutioninalifetime.
Thebasicideabehindthebugrobotswastotrytounderstandverysimplebiologiccreaturesandcreatecorrespondingrobotsbeforetryingtobuildhighlycomplexrobotsthattrytomimichumanreasoning.Evenafruitflywithlessthantwentyneuralconnectionscanfly,avoidobstacles,findfoodandmate(howeveritisthat fruitfliesmate).Thisideamakesalotofsense,butinpracticalitybuildingverytinyrobotsisquitedifficult.Itseemslikethepeoplewhoworkonbugrobotsspendmoretimedevelopingtechniquesforbuildingtinyrobotsthantheydoonstudyingbugbehaviorsandwaystomimicthem.
Ifyouwanttogivebugrobotsatry,youmightconsiderthelittleBugBrainbyYostEngineeringontheleft.Thosebigwhiskersonthefrontgivethebugtheabilitytosensecontactswithobjectsinitsenvironmentandyoucanprogramtheonboardcomputertomakedecisionsabouthowtoreact.That'satruerobot.Youcanaddothersensorstoittoo.Maybeaphototransistorsothebugcan"runfortheshadows"likerealbugsdo?
AccordingtothemanufactureryoucanalsoaddwirelessRFandanultrasonicrangefindertothebug.Thatcouldgiveitsensinganddecisionmakingcapabilitieson-parwithUniversityresearchrobots.
TheexplorationofMars isoneapplicationthathasbeenproposedforbugrobots.Insteadofsendingoneortwobigrobots,sendoneortwothousandbugrobotsequippedwithsmallcamerasandchemicalsensors.Oneoftheadvantagesofthisapproachisfaulttolerance.Ifafewofthebugsbreakorgetlost,itisnobigdeal.Anotheristheabilityofthesmallbugstogetintosmallplacessuchascracksorfissuresinrocks.Ofcoursethesmallsizeoftherobotsalsolimitsthescaleoftaskstheycanaccomplish.ForexampleevenathousandbugsworkingtogetherarenotgoingtodrillacoresampletenfeetintotheMartiancrust.
UnderseaRobots
Underseaoperationsareagreatapplicationforroboticstoreplacehumans.Workingunderwaterisbothdangerousanddifficultforhumans.SchillingRoboticsmakesthesystemshownatleft.Thissystemcombinesaremoteoperatedvehiclewiththrustersformaneuveringandtworobotarmsformanipulating.Notethatoneofthearmsisalmostagrappler.Itcangrabsomethingrigid,suchasthebaseofanoilrig,tosteadythevehiclewhiletheotherarmperformssuchtasksasweldingandvalvemaintenance.
Therobotatleftisabiomimetic(mimickingbiology)lobsterdevelopedbytheNortheasternUniversityMarineScienceCenter.Biomimeticrobotsmayemploymyomorphicactuators,whichmimicmuscleaction;neuromorphicsensors,which,likeanimalsensors,representsensorymodalitiessuchaslight,pressure,andmotioninalabeled-linecode;biomimeticcontrollers,basedontherelativelysimplecontrolsystemsofinvertebrateanimals;andautonomousbehaviorsthatarebasedontheactualanimal'sbehavior.Ifarobotlikethisgoeswalkingaroundontheoceanfloor,Iwonderifabigfishwilleatit?
TheAustralianCentreforFieldRoboticsattheUniversityofSydneydevelopedtherobotshownatleftasaprototypeforautonomousunderwaterrobotsthatmayonedayexploreandmonitortheGreatBarrierReef.Atpresentthisrobot(calledOberon)mustremaintetheredtoashiponthesurface,butitsinventorspredictthatwithinadecadeitwouldbepossibleforrobotstobeloweredtotheoceanfloorandlefttogetonwithmappingtheterrainontheirown.Oberonhastwoscanningsonarsandadepthsensoraswellasacolorcamera.Itdoesnotneedanyindependentinformation,suchasfromglobalpositioningsystemsatellites,toworkoutwhereitis.
RobotsintheMilitary
Prettymuchbydefinition,themilitaryisadangerousplaceforhumans.Thismakesitalogicalapplicationforrobotics,butIdefinitelyhavemixedfeelingsaboutthat.Icanlivewithrobotsassistingsoldiers,butautomatedkillingistakingittoofar.AtleftweseetheSmartCraneAmmunitionTransferSystembeingdeveloped bytheRoboticsResearchCorporation.Thegoalisforonesoldiertobeabletounloadtheentiretruckwithouteverleavingthecab.Thesystemincludescameras,videoscreens,forcesensorsandspecialgrippers.
Thephotoatleftshowsaroboticmine-sweeper.Itisbasicallyatractorwithabunchofswingingchainsmountedonthefront.Thesechainspoundthegroundwith
significantforcestoexplodeanyburiedmines.UsingGPSandrelativelysimplecontrolalgorithms,robotssuchasthesecanbeprogrammedtomethodicallycoverlargeareasofgroundinaperfectgrid.Vehicleslikethiscanalsobeequippedwithwatercuttingtoolstocutintoandthroughexplosiveordnance,watercannonstodisperseunrulymobsandchargesetterstoexplodesuspiciouspackages.Fortheseoperationstheunmannedvehiclewouldbeteleoperated.
ThePredatorshownatlefthasprobablybecomeourmilitary'smostfamousunmannedvehicle.Itisessentiallyasuperhigh-techr/cp