专八真题.docx

专八真题.docx

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专八真题

TEM-8（2014）

PARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION（30MIN）

TEXTA

MyclassatHarvardBusinessSchoolhelpsstudentsunderstandwhatgoodmanagementtheoryisandhowitisbuilt.Ineachsession,welookatonecompanythroughthelensesofdifferenttheories,usingthemtoexplainhowthecompanygotintoitssituationandtoexaminewhatactionwillyieldtheneededresults.Onthelastdayofclass,Iaskedmyclasstoturnthosetheoreticallensesonthemselvestofindanswerstotwoquestions:

First,HowcanIbesureI’llbehappyinmycareer?

Second,HowcanIbesuremyrelationshipswithmyspouseandmyfamilywillbecomeanenduringsourceofhappiness?

Herearesomemanagementtoolsthatcanbeusedtohelpyouleadapurposefullife.

1.UseYourResourcesWisely.Yourdecisionsaboutallocatingyourpersonaltime,energy,andtalentshapeyourlife’sstrategy.Ihaveabunchof“businesses”thatcompetefortheseresources:

I’mtryingtohavearewardingrelationshipwithmywife,raisegreatkids,contributetomycommunity,succeedinmycareer,andcontributetomychurch.AndIhaveexactlythesameproblemthatacorporationdoes.Ihavealimitedamountoftime,energyandtalent.HowmuchdoIdevotetoeachofthesepursuits?

Allocationchoicescanmakeyourlifeturnouttoverydifferentfromwhatyouintended.Sometimesthat’sgood:

opportunitiesthatyouhaveneverplannedforemerge.Butifyoudon’tinvestyourresourceswisely,theoutcomecanbebad.AsIthinkaboutmyformerclassmateswhoinadvertentlyinvestedinlivesofhollowunhappiness,Ican’thelpbelievingthattheirtroublesrelatedrightbacktoashort-termperspective.

Whenpeoplewithahighneedforachievementhaveanextrahalfhouroftimeoranextraounceofenergy,they’llunconsciouslyallocateittoactivitiesthatyieldthemosttangibleaccomplishments.Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatwe’removingforward.Youshipaproduct,finishadesign,completeapresentation,closeasaleteachaclass,publishapaper,getpaid,getpromoted.Incontrast,investingtimeandenergyinyourrelationshipswithyourspouseandchildrentypicallydoesn’tofferthesameimmediatesenseofachievement.Kidsmisbehaveeveryday.It’sreallynotuntil20yearsdowntheroadthatyoucansay,“Iraisedagoodsonoragooddaughter.”Youcanneglectyourrelationshipwithyourspouseandonadailybasisitdoesn’tseemasifthingaredeteriorating.Peoplewhoaredriventoexcelhavethisunconsciouspropensitytounderinvestintheirfamiliesandoverinvestintheircareers,eventhoughintimateandlovingfamilyrelationshipsarethemostpowerfulandenduringsourceofhappiness.

Ifyoustudytherootcausesofbusinessdisasters,overandoveryou’llfindthispredispositiontowardendeavorsthatofferimmediategratification.Ifyoulookatpersonallivesthroughthatlens,you’llseethatsamestunningandsoberingpattern:

peopleallocatingfewerandfewerresourcestothethingstheywouldhaveoncesaidmatteredmost.

2.CreateAFamilyCulture.It’sonethingtoseeintothefoggyfuturewithaacuityandchartthecoursecorrectionsacompanymustmake.Butit’squiteanothertopersuadeemployeestolineupandworkcooperativelytotakethecompanyinthatnewdirection.

Whenthereislittleagreement,youhavetouse“powertools”–coercion,threats,punishmentsandsoon,tosecurecooperation.Butifemployee’swaysofworkingtogethersucceedoverandover,consensusbeginstoform.Ultimately,peopledon’teventhinkaboutwhethertheirwayyieldssuccess.Theyembraceprioritiesandfollowproceduresbyinstinctandassumptionratherthanbyexplicitdecision,whichmeansthatthey’vecreatedaculture.Culture,incompellingbutunspokenways,dictatestheproven,acceptablemethodsbywhichmembersofagroupaddressrecurrentproblems.Andculturedefinestheprioritygiventodifferenttypesofproblems.Itcanbeapowerfulmanagementtool.

Iusethismodeltoaddressthequestion,HowcanIbemyfamilybecomesanenduringsourceofhappiness?

Mystudentsquicklyseethatthesimplestwayparentscanelicitcooperationfromchildrenistowieldpowertools.Buttherecomesapointduringtheteenyearswhenpowertoolsnolongerwork.Atthatpoint,parentsstartwishingtheyhadbegunworkingwiththeirchildrenataveryyoungagetobuildacultureinwhichchildreninstinctivelybehaverespectfullytowardoneanother,obeytheirparents,andchoosetherightthingtodo.Familieshavecultures,justacompaniesdo.Thoseculturescanbebuiltconsciously.

Ifyouwantyourkidstohavestrongself-esteemandtheconfidencethattheycansolvehardproblems,thosequalitieswon’tmagicallymaterializeinhighschool.Youhavetodesignthemintofamily’scultureandyouhavethinkaboutthisveryearlyon.Likeemployees,childrenbuildself-esteembydoingthingsthatarehardandlearningwhatworks.

11.Accordingtotheauthor,thekeytosuccessfulallocationofresourcesinyourlifedependsonwhetheryou

A.canmanageyourtimewellB.havelong-termplanning

C.areluckyenoughtohavenewopportunitiesD.cansolvebothcompanyandfamilyproblems

12.Whatistheroleofthestatement“Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatwe’removingforward”withreferencetothepreviousstatementintheparagraph?

A.ToofferfurtherexplanationB.Toprovideadefinition

C.TopresentacontrastD.Toillustratecareerdevelopment

13.Accordingtotheauthor,acommoncauseoffailureinbusinessandfamilyrelationshipsis

A.lackofplanningB.short-sightednessC.shortageofresourcesD.decisionbyinstinct

14.Accordingtotheauthor,whendoesculturebegintoemerge

A.Whenpeopledecidewhatandhowtodobyinstinct

B.Whenpeoplerealizetheimportanceofconsensus

C.Whenpeopleasagroupdecidehowtosucceed

D.Whenpeopleuse“powertools”toreachagreement

15.Oneofthesimilaritiesbetweencompanycultureandfamilycultureisthat

A.problem-solvingabilityisessentialB.cooperationisthefoundation

C.respectandobediencearekeyelementsD.cultureneedstobenurtured

TextB

Itwasnearlybed-timeandwhentheyawokenextmorninglandwouldbeinsight.Dr.Macphaillithispipeand,leaningovertherail,searchedtheheavensfortheSouthernCross.Aftertwoyearsatthefrontandawoundthathadtakenlongertohealthanitshould,hewasgladtosettledownquietlyatApia（阿皮亚，西萨摩亚首都）fortwelvemonthsatleast,andhefeltalreadybetterforthejourney.SincesomeofthepassengerswereleavingtheshipnextdayatPago-Pagotheyhadhadalittledancethateveningandinhisearshammeredstilltheharshnotesofthemechanicalpiano.Butthedeckwasquietatlast.AlittlewayoffhesawhiswifeinalongchairtalkingwiththeDavidsons,andhestrolledovertoher.Whenhesatdownunderthelightandtookoffhishatyousawthathehadveryredhair,withabaldpatchonthecrown,andthered,freckledskinwhichaccompaniesredhair;hewasamanofforty,thin,withapinchedface,preciseandratherpedantic;andhespokewithaScotsaccentinaverylow,quietvoice.

BetweentheMacphailsandtheDavidsons,whoweremissionaries,therehadarisentheintimacyofshipboard,whichisduetopropinquityratherthantoanycommunityoftaste.Theirchieftiewasthedisapprovaltheysharedofthemenwhospenttheirdaysandnightsinthesmoking-roomplayingpokerorbridgeanddrinking.Mrs.MacphailwasnotalittleflatteredtothinkthatsheandherhusbandweretheonlypeopleonboardwithwhomtheDavidsonswerewillingtoassociate,andeventhedoctor,shybutnofool,halfunconsciouslyacknowledgedthecompliment.Itwasonlybecausehewasofanargumentativemindthatintheircabinatnighthepermittedhimselftocarp（唠叨）.

‘Mrs.Davidsonwassayingshedidn’tknowhowthey’dhavegotthroughthejourneyifithadn’tbeenforus,’saidMrs.Macphail,assheneatlybrushedouthertransformation（假发）.‘Shesaidwewerereallytheonlypeopleontheshiptheycaredtoknow.’

‘Ishouldn’thavethoughtamissionarywassuchabigbug（要人、名士）thathecouldaffordtoputonfrills（摆架子）.’

‘It’snotfrills.Iquiteunderstandwhatshemeans.Itwouldn’thavebeenverynicefortheDavidsonstohavetomixwithallthatroughlotinthesmoking-room.’

‘Thefounderoftheirreligionwasn’tsoexclusive,’saidDr.Macphailwithachuckle.

‘I’veaskedyouoverandoveragainnottojokeaboutreligion,’answeredhiswife.‘Ishouldn’tliketohaveanaturelikeyours,Alec.Youneverlookforthebestinpeople.’

Hegaveherasidelongglancewithhispale,blueeyes,butdidnotreply.Aftermanyyearsofmarriedlifehehadlearnedthatitwasmoreconducivetopeacetoleavehiswifewiththelastword.Hewasundressedbeforeshewas,andclimbingintotheupperbunkhesettleddowntoreadhimselftosleep.

Whenhecameondecknextmorningtheywereclosetoland.Helookedatitwithgreedyeyes.Therewasathinstripofsilverbeachrisingquicklytohillscoveredtothetopwithluxuriantvegetation.Thecoconuttrees,thickandgreen,camenearlytothewater’sedge,andamongthemyousawthegrasshousesoftheSamoaris（萨摩亚人）;andhereandthere,gleamingwhite,alittlechurch.Mrs.Davidsoncameandstoodbesidehim.Shewasdressedinblack,andworeroundherneckagoldchain,fromwhichdangledasmallcross.Shewasalittlewoman,withbrown,dullhairveryelaboratelyarranged,andshehadprominentblueeyesbehindinvisiblepince-nez（夹鼻眼镜）.Herfacewaslong,likeasheep’s,butshegavenoimpressionoffoolishness,ratherofextremealertness;shehadthequickmovementsofabird.Themostremarkablething