《英语语言学概论》配套习题问答题答案.docx

《英语语言学概论》配套习题问答题答案.docx

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《英语语言学概论》配套习题问答题答案

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）答案

Chapter1IntroductiontoLinguistics

1.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimacommunication.

2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?

Thecharacteristicsofhumanlanguageincludearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,discreteness,transferabilityandlinearity.

3.Explainthecharacteristicofarbitrariness.Whataretherelationshipbetweenarbitrarinessandconvention?

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonatural

relationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.

4.Whatdoesproductivitymeanforlanguage?

Itmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.It

referstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseoffinitesetofrules.

5.Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?

Languagehasatleastsevenfuncitons:

informative,interpersonal,performative,

emotive,phatic,recreationalandmetalingual.

6.Explainthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.

Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeused

totalkaboutitself.

7.Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics?

Synchroniclinguisticstakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,the

present）asitspointofobservation.Incontrast,diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.

8.Whatdistinguishesprescriptivestudiesoflanguagefromdescriptivestudiesoflanguage?

Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghow

thingsare.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,norms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.

Chapter2Phonology

1.Whatdoesphoneticsconcern?

Phonetisisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundsofhumanbeings.Phoneticscanbesuv-classifiedintoarticulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.

2.Howdothethreebranchesofphoneticscontributetothestudyofspeechsounds?

Articualtoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acoustic

phoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeeech.Auditoryphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

3.Howisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?

Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsome

placetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulanceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

4.Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?

Thecategoriesofconsonantsareestablishedontwoimportantfactors,whichare

termedasmannersofarticulationandplacesofarticulation.

5.Howdophoneticiansclassifyvowels?

Thediscriptionofvowelsincludesfouraspects:

theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）;thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）andlip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）.

6.Towhatextentdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?

Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaywoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsoundswhilephonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.

7.Whatdominimalpairrefer?

Giveanexampletoillustrate.

Certainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofaword,whereasothersoundsdonot.Forinstance,thewordbigcanbedescribedinaphonetictranscription[big].If[g]isreplacedby[t],thereisanotherword:

bit.[g]and[t]arecalledminimalpairs.Therefore,whensoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning,thesesoundsareminimalpairs.

8.Whatkindofphenomenoniscomplementarydistribution?

Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.Forexample,theaspiratedEnglishstopsneveroccurafter[s],andtheunaspiratedonesneveroccurinitially.Soundsincomplementarydistributionmaybeassignedtothesamephoneme.Theallophonesof[l],forinstance,arealsoincomplementarydistribution.Theclear[l]occuronlybeforeavowel,thedark[l]occurafteraconsonantorattheendofaword.

Chapter3Morphology

1.Whatisafreemorpheme?

Whatisaboundmorpheme?

Morphememaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.Afreemorphemeisonethat

canbeutteredalonewithmeaning.itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.Man,book,takeandredarefreemorphemes.

Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmust

appearwithatleastoneothermorphem,freeorbound,likeun-inunhappy,pasttensemorphemeinworked.

2.Whatisthedifferencebetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?

Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthe

comparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisadded.Theinflecitonalaffixestodayarethepluralmarker,thegenetivecase,theverbalendings,thecomparativedegreesandsuperlativedegrees.Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticualrgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalaffixes.

Aderivationalaffixservestoderiveanewwordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.Derivationalaffixhaslexicalmeaning,butlessimportantthanthemeaningoftherootinthesameword,like–ableinthewordworkable.Derivaitonalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

3.Whatiscompounding?

Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessbyjoiningtwoor

morebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtopartsofthespeech:

（1）nouncompounds（likehearbeat）;

（2）adjectivecompounds（likedutyfree）;（3）verbcompounds（likehousekeep）.

4.Whatarethecriteriaofacompoundword?

（1）Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

solid（likeairmail）,hyphenated（likeair-conditioning）andopen（likeairraid）.

（2）Phonologically,manycompoundshaveaso-calledcompoundaccent,thatis,asinglestressonthefirstelement,asin‘spacerocket;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.

（3）Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedto,butcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.

5.Whatisacronymy?

Acronymyisatypeofshorteningbyusingthefirstlettersofwordstoforma

propername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase.Iftheshortenedwordispronouncedletterbyletter,itisaninitialismlikeBBC;iftheshortenedwordispronouncedaswordratherthanasasequenceofletters,itisanacronymlikeSAM（forsurface-to-airmissile）.

6.Whatisblending?

Blendingisapreocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedby

combiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast（news+broadcast）,brunch（breakfast+lunch）.

7.Decidewhichwayofwordformationisusedtoformthefollowingwords.

Comsat（fromcommunications+satellite,byblending）

Motel（frommotor+hotel,byblending）

Lase（fromlaser,byback-formation）

Memo（frommemorandom,bybackclipping）

Nightmare（fromdaymare,byanalogy）

ASEAN（fromtheAssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations,byacronymy）

ROM（fromread-onlymemory,byinitialism）

Bit（frombinary+digit,byblending））

Babysit（frombabysitter,byback-formation）

cock-a-doodle-do（fromthesoundproducedbycock,byonomatopoeia））

grunt（fromthesoundproducedbypig,byonomatopoeia）

8.Whatareclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords?

Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedor

limited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Therefore,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.,areallcloseditems.

Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.

Withtheemergenceofnewideas,inventions,etc.,newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.

Chapter4Syntax

1.Whatissyntax?

Syntaxisasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,Itisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsandphrasesarejoinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweensententialelements.

2.Whatisasimple,compound,orcomplexsentence?

Asimplesentenceismadeupofoneindependentclausewithdependentclause

attached.Itconsistsofatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Eitherthesubjectorthecomplementmaybecompound（consistingofmorethanone