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第10讲英文科技论文写作MicrosoftWord文档
英文学术论文的写作
一.Title
Title通常为名词性词组短语一般可分为以下几类:
1以研究内容命名
SYSTHESISOF2-O-PROTECTEDGLYCEROLDERIVATIVES
Ring-OpeningPolymerizationofCyclicCarbonatesbyAlcohol-AcidCatalyst
2以研究对象命名
ANew,CrystallineHighMeltingBis(hydroxymethyl)polycarbonateandItsAcetoneKetalfor
BiomaterialApplications
Microdomainstructureinpolylactide-block-poly(ethyleneoxide)copolymerfilms
3以研究内容研究对象综合命名
Poly(ethylenecarbonate)s,partI:
Synthesesandstructuraleffectsinbiodegradation
Hydrolyticdegradationoftyrosine-derivedpolycarbonates,aclassofnewbiomaterials.PartI:
Studyofmodelcompounds
二.Abstract
Abstract通常由以下几方面组成<其前后顺序可相互交叉>
1.简要介绍研究背景<多数文章的Abstract中已将此部分省略>
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA)isathermallysensitivepolymericmaterial.PNIPA
hydrogelhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyfields.
2.叙述做了哪方面的研究
a.根据具体内容通常用一般过去时被动态:
Poly(1,3-trimethylenecarbonate)(PTMC)wassynthesizedbydiethylzinc-catalyzedring-opening
polymerizationof1,3-trimethylenecarbonate.Thepolymerwascharacterizedbymeasurement
ofitsthermalandmechanicalproperties,permeability,andsusceptibilitytohydrolyticchain
scissioninvitroandinvivo.
…Inadditiontotheinitiator,reactiontime,temperature,andmonomer/initiator(M/I)ratio
werevaried.
Reactivitiesofsix-memberedcycliccarbonateswerestudiedandacarbonate-modifiedacrylic
polymerwassynthesized,whichwasexpectedtoshowgoodwaterresistance.
Theeffectofpolymerchemistryonadhesion,proliferation,andmorphologyofhumanarticular
cartilage(HAC)wasevaluated.
Inordertostudythedegradationmechanismofthesepolycarbonatesinmoredetail,aseriesof
smallmodelcompoundsweredesignedthatmimictherepeatunitofthepolymer.
Tyrosine-PEGderivedpoly(ethercarbonate)swerepreparedbycondensationcopolymerization
withphosgene.…ChemicalstructureandpuritywereconfirmedbyNMRandFTIRspectral
analysis.
Themechanismofdecarboxylationwasdiscussedfromtheviewpointof…
Basedonthesymmetricalstructureoftheseproducts,amechanismforchaininitiationand…was
proposed.
b.根据具体内容有时要用一般现在时或其它
Thenovelconvergentgrowthapproachtotopologicalmacromoleculesbasedondendritic
fragmentisdescribed.
Inpresentpaperplasmamethodsarediscussedwithrespecttoothertechniqueswhichalso
inducemicropatternedcellgrowth.
c.也有少部分用主动态
Ourstudyfocusedontheroleofpoly(ethyleneglycol)(PEG)inactivelyregulatingthe
biologicalresponsivenessofprotein-adsorbedbiomaterials.Tothisend,wedesigned
PEG-variantbiomaterialsfromafamilyoftyrosine/PEG-derivedpolycarbonatetopresent
surfacesrangingfromlowtointermediatelevelsofPEGconcentration,…Weanalyzedthe
effectofPEGconcentrationontheamount,conformationandbioactivity…
Wehaveinvestigatedtheabilityofthesedendrimerstofunctionasaneffectivedeliverysystem…
Thispaperdescribesthesynthesisandevaluationofbiodegradablederivativesof
poly-L-glutamicacidassuitablevectorsforgenetherapy.
3.阐明得到了哪些主要结论
时态根据具体情况而定
Theseresultsstronglysuggestthatthecycliccarbonatesareactivatedbytrifluoroaceticacid.
Et2Zn/ethyleneglycolwasfoundtobeexceptionallyeffectiveasacatalystforthis
copolymerization.
Surprisingly,thebiodegradationofPECshavingMws<100000isstronglysuppressed.
Theconcentrationsofthemonomersformedinthedepolymerizationswellagreedwiththe
equilibriummonomerconcentrationsintheanionicring-openingpolymerizations.
Thehighestpoly(TMC)molecularweightwasobtainedbyconducingthepolymerizationat55
Increasingthewatercontentresultedinenhancedpolymerizationratesanddecreased
molecularweights.
Thedimensionandsurfaceareaofthedevicesinfluencedtheinitialdegradationrate,butdidnot
significantlyaffecttheoverallrateofdegradation.
Acarbonate-modifiedacrylicpolymershowedexcellenthydrolysisresistance…
Thedendriticpolymerseemstobeapromisingcarrierforthecontrolledreleaseofantitumor
drugs.
Thepropertiesofthesepolymersdependupontheratioofmonomersand...
OurresultsdemonstratethatlowlevelsofPEGcanregulatenotonlyontheextentbutalsothe
conformationandspecificbioactivityofadsorbedmodelprotein…Ourstudiesalsoindicated
thattherateofcellmigrationwasinverselycorrelatedwithPEGconcentrationoveranarrow
rangeofPEGconcentration.
Resultsobtainedfromtheuseofthesemodelcompoundssuggestedthatthebackbonecarbonate
bondishydrolyzedatafasterratethanthependentchainesterbond.
Theresultsfromthisstudycanbeusedtoexplainthedegradationbehaviorofthe
correspondingpolycarbonatesaswellastheirdegradationmechanisms.
Introduction
时态根据具体内容而定
Introduction通常由以下几方面组成
1.介绍研究背景﹑研究意义
Spiroorthocarbonates(SOCs)undergodoublering-openingpolymerizationwithanexpansionin
volume[1-4].Thisuniquepropertyattractedtheinterestofpolymerchemists[5,6].
Sincetheearly1960s,severalsynthetic,degradablepolymersystemshavebeenusedasmedical
implantmaterials.Somewidelyinvestigatedexamplesincludepoly(lacticacid)[1,2],…,…,
andpolyorthoesters[6,7].
Wichterle<姓>andLimdevelopedthefirstsyntheticpolymerichydrogelsbasedon
hydroxyethylmethacrylate,foruseasbiomaterials[2].Sincethen,therehasbeencontinuing
interestinthedevelopmentofnoveltypesofhydrogelmaterialsforbiomedicalapplication.
Developmentofbiodegradableplasticsisbeingextensivelypromotedasoneofthesolutionsto
plasticwastedisposal.Aliphaticpolyestersarecurrentlyconsideredthemostpromising
materialsfortheproductionofbiodegradableplastics.
Inrecentyearsmoreandmoretechnicalfieldshavebeguntouselow-temperatureplasmas.
Importantnewapplicationshavebeenfoundinbiomedicaltechniques….Goodexamplesfor
noveltechniquesverynearapplicationandalreadyappliedareplasmassterilization….Thisis
importantnotonlyforpolymericbiomaterials,butalsoforothermaterials.Alotof
publicationsalreadyexistinthisfield.
Itiswellknownthatpoly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA)gelisthermallysensitiveinits
responsetoexternaltemperaturechanges.…PNIPAgelhasattractedgreatinterestandbeen
extensivelystudiedintherecent20yearsduetoitsapplicationsinmanyfields,suchas
artificialmuscle[2],on-offswitches[3],andimmobilizationofenzymes[4],etc.
Veryrecently,Kricheldorfetal.havereportedthesynthesisofhighmolecularweight
polycarbonate…,althoughthedetailedmechanismisnotclear.5
Theanioniclivingpolymerizationtechniqueyieldingpolymerswithnarrowmolecularweight
distributionshasbeenwidelyadoptedasamethodtopreparehomo-andespeciallyblock
copolymers1).
Genetherapyisarelativelynewtechniqueinthefieldofbiotechnologyandmedicinethatis
attractingalotofattention.
Thefreeradicalpolymerizationsofcyclicketeneacetalshaverecentlyevokedalotofinterest.
Theuseofenzymecatalysisinorganicmediaforpolymer-formingreactionsisgaining
increasingattention.Thehallmarkofenzymesistheirabilitytoachievehighenantio-and
regioselectivityforvariouschemicaltransformations.1Furthermore,enzymesrepresentafamily
of“environmentallyfriendly”catalysts.Advantagesofusingenzymesinorganicasopposedto
aqueousmediaareasfollows:
(i)increasedenzymethermalstability,(ii)solubilityofawide
rangeofsubstratetypesinthereactionmedia,(iii)norequirementforpHadjustmentasthe
reactionproceeds,and(iv)readilyrecyclable.2,3
Whereasaromaticpolycarbonateshaveachievedwideapplicationandgreatimportanceas
polymermaterialssince1954,1aliphaticpolycarbonateshavebeenlessinterestingduetotheir
poorthermalstabilityandeasyhydrolysis.Duringthepastdecade,increasingattentionhas
beenpaidtoaliphaticpolycarbonatesfortheirpotentialinthemedicalfieldandinthe
environmentalcontrolofplastics.2-8
Stimulatedbytheneedforbioresorbablemedicalmaterialswithawiderangeofphysical
propertiesanddegradationrates,therehasbeenconsiderableinterestinexploringaliphatic
polycarbonatepreparedbyring-openingpolymerizationofcycliccarbonatemonomers.1-7Efforts
havethusfarfocusedonpolymerizationsoffive-andsix-memberedringaliphaticcyclic
carbonates.
2.阐述目前该领域的研究现状﹑存在问题﹑待解决的问题
Ring-openingpolymerizationofsix-memberedcycliccarbonateshavebeenstudiedindetailby
Kricheldorfetal.[4,5]andSarelletal.[6-8]afterthefirstworkontheirreactivitybySearles[9].
Inrecentyearstherehasbeenrenewalofinterestinpolymerizationofsix-memberedcyclic
carbonatesinceEndoetal.demonstratedthatTMCshowedvolumeexpansionduring
polymerization[10].
Althoughthecationicring-openingpolymerizationofSOCshasbeeninvestigatedextensively,
onlyalowmolecularweight(MW)polymerwasobtainedandtheMWcannotbecontrolled.
Althoughtheutilityofthesematerialsassuturesandinanumberofdrugdeliveryapplicationsis
wellestablished,somematerial’sneedscannotbesatisfiedbytheiruse.Forexample,all
polyestersreleaseacidicdegradationproducts[6-8],limitingtheirutilitytoapplicationswhere
acidityattheimplantsiteisnotaconcern.Theabovepolyestersalsotendtoberelativelyrigid,
inflexiblematerials[9],Thiscanbeadefinitedisadvantagewhenmechanicalcompliancewith
softtissueorbloodvesselsisrequired.Finally,noneoftheabovepolyestersprovidesa
chemicallyreactivependentchainfortheeasyattachmentofdrugs,crosslinkersandbiologically
activemoieties.
Theinvestigationofpoly(ethercarbonate)sstartedinthe1960s.…However,copolymersofdiphenolsandP