材料导论备考小结.docx

材料导论备考小结.docx

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材料导论备考小结

第一章材料介绍

DefinitionofMaterials（材料的定义）

Materialsaredefinedassolidsusedbymantoproduceitemswhichconstitutethesupportforhislivingenvironment.

材料是指人类用以制造生活和生产所需要的物品,器件,机器和其他产品的物质

ClassesofMaterials（材料的分类）

Thereismanywaystosortmaterials,andthemainmethodisclassedbyitsphysicandchemicalfunction.Inthisway,materialscanbeclassedasInorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials.Theothermethodsaredisplayedasbelow:

1.Classbysource:

NatureMaterialandman-madeMaterial

2.Classbyphysicandchemicalfunction:

Inorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials

3.Classbyusingfunction:

Structureandfunctionmaterials

4.Classbypurpose:

Electric,biologic,medicalmaterials

5.OtherClass:

newandoldmaterial

Meaningofmaterialscience（材料科学的内涵）

Materialsscienceismadeupoffourparts:

Performances,Synthesismethod,Properties,CompositionandStructure.Forthemostimportance,thePerformancesofmaterialsarepaidmoreattentionbecausetheyaredeterminedtheapplicationofmaterials.Ifonekindofmaterialsatisfiedourneed,wehavetoaskwhythematerialcould,howtosynthesisthematerialandhowtoimprovethepropertiesofthematerials.

ThethreequestionsmayarisetheinterestingtostudytheSynthesismethod,PropertiesandCompositionandStructureofmaterials.TherelationshipbetweenthefourpartsofMaterialsciencecanbeexplainedasfollowingpyramid:

WhichisincludinginMaterialProperties?

PhysicalProperties（材料性质）

1.1mechanics

1.2electricity,magnetism

1.3acoustics

1.4optics

1.5calorifics

2.ChemicalProperties

2.1Reactionactivity

2.2Corrosion

Composition（材料的组成）

1.Elements

2.Compound

3.Phase

4.Complex

第二章金属材料

DefinesofMetallicMaterials（金属材料的定义）

.ThematerialswhichareformedbymetalbondarecalledMetallicMaterials.

PropertiesofMetals（金属材料性能）

1.MechanicsProperties

a.Strength

b.Shape

c.Foundry

d.Jointing

2.Function

a.Conductor

b.Diathermancy

c.Magnetism

d.otherFuction

HowtosortmetallicMaterials?

（金属材料分类）

ItisdifficulttosortmetallicMaterials,andwehavetousesimpledichotomytoclassmetallicMaterialsasFerrousmetalsandnonferrousmetals.ThenonferrousmetalsmeanthatthemaincompositeofmaterialsisnotFe,anditincludeCu,Zn,Ti,Al,Mganditsalloyetal.Theferrousmetalsmaybesortedasfollowing:

Iron:

includingbelow

1）Wroughtiron（熟铁）

2）Castiron（铸铁）

3）Pigiron（生铁）

4）Electrolyticiron（电解铁）

5）Ironalloy

Ironalloy

Whitecastiron

Graycastiron

Alloycastiron

Ductilecastiron

Malleablecastiron

Steel

Ingotiron（低碳钢）

2）Plaincarbonsteel（普通碳素钢）

3）Alloysteel（合金钢）

StructureofMetal（金属材料结构）

Thestructureofmetallicmaterialsareincludethreetypes:

HexagonalClosepackedStructure,FaceCenteredCubic,andBodyCenteredCubic.TheformertwoaretheClosepackedStructureandthelastoneisnot.Themetalliccrystalcanbepackedlayerbylayerofatoms,ThefirstandsecondlayerofClosepackedStructuremaybelabeledasAandB,showedinfollowingFigure

ClosepackedStructure

HexagonalClosepackedStructure

FaceCenteredCubic

BodyCenteredCubic

Howtodescribethestructure?

HowtosortMaterials?

（材料分类）

Thereismanywaystosortmaterials,andthemainmethodisclassedbyitsphysicandchemicalfunction.Inthisway,materialscanbeclassedasInorganicnonmetalmaterials,metalmaterials,polymersmaterialsandcompositematerials.Theothermethodsaredisplayedasbelow:

1.Classbysource:

NatureMaterialandman-madeMaterial

2.Classbyusingfunction:

Structureandfunctionmaterials

3.Classbypurpose:

Electric,biologic,medicalmaterials

第三章无机非金属材料

WhatisInorganicnonmetalmaterials?

（无机非金属材料定义）

1.Inorganicnonmetalmaterialsarealsocalled“ceramics”.Ceramicscanbedefinedasinorganic,nonmetallicmaterials,andceramiccontainstwoaspects:

porcelainandpottery.PotteryinGreektermmeans“burnedearth”,itformsthemainpartofceramic.Porcelainisusedtodecorate“ceramic”,anditis“Glass”infact.

2.InorganicnonmetalmaterialsaremadeupofInorganiccompoundswhichincludeonlynonmetalelements（notincludeC-H-Ochain）ormetalandnonmetalelements.

OldInorganicnonmetalmaterialsinmostextendmeanssilicateindustry,andnewInorganicnonmetalmaterialsmeansceramics.Silicateindustryincludecement,glassandrefractory.Ceramicsincludenewfunctionalandstructuralmaterials.Inorganicnonmetalmaterialsalsoincludegemmaterials.

1.Glass

2.CementandConcrete

3.Ceramic

4.Refractory

5.Gem

6.Graphite

Definitionsofceramics（陶瓷定义）

Allinorganicnonmetallicmaterialsarecalledceramics,whichcontainstwoaspects:

porcelainandpottery.

Propertiesofceramic（陶瓷组成）

Hardness

Brittleness

Corrosionresistance

Electricalconductivity

ThermalConductivity

CeramicProcessing（陶瓷生产工艺）

Powderspreparing

Chemicalprocess

MeltProcess

Single–crystalceramic

Vaporprocessing

DirectedMetaloxygenProcess

Formation

uniaxialpressing

hotpressing

HydroplasticForming

SlipCasting

Dryingandfiring

Glazing

Polishing

Whatiscement?

（水泥定义）

Thematerialswhichcanbindotherparticleorfibremattersbyphysicalorchemicaleffecttohardmassarecalledcement

WhatisRefractory（耐火材料定义）

Refractoriesareenablingmaterialsinthattheirprimaryfunctionsistofacilitatetheproductionofothermaterials;Theyhaveenabledtheutilizationofheattomakematerials.

HowtodescribeGlass（玻璃定义）

1.Glassisaninorganicproductofameltwhichsolidifieswithoutcrystallizing.

2.Glassisanundercooledliquidwithaveryhighviscosity

3.Glassisanintermediatesubstancebetweentheliquidandcrystallinestates.Itconsistsofacrystal-likenetworkcombinedwitheachotherrandomly.

PhysicalProperties（玻璃性能）

Density

Hardness

Strength

Brittleness

Otherproperties

Chemicalproperties

ElectricalNatureofglass

PrepareofGlass（玻璃生产工艺）

1.TechnicsRoute

a.Powderprepare

b.Mix

c.Molten

d.Cool

e.othertreatment

2.Preparemethodofpowders

a.sol-gelmethod

b.solidreactionmethod

c.MicrowaveHeatingmethod

d.otherchemicalmethod

3.Glassformationsystem（P138

glassformationcurve（玻璃的生成曲线）

NocrystallizationwilltakeplaceatTf,iftherateofcoolingissufficientlyrapid.Thevolumeofthenowsupercoiledliquiddecreasesonfurthercoolingalongthelinebe.AtacertaintemperatureTg,thevolume-temperaturecurveofsupercoiledliquidundergoesamarkedchangeindirectionandcontinuesalmostparalleltothecontractioncurveofcrystallineform.

ThetemperatureTg,atwhichthebendoccurs,iscalledthetransformationorglasstransitiontemperature.OnlybelowTgitiscorrecttodescriblethesubstanceasaglass

StructureofGlass（玻璃的结构）

ContinuousRandomnetworkModel

RandomClosePackingModel

BondingTheories

Pleaseintroducetheprocesswhichisusedtoproduceceramic（陶瓷生产工艺）

Therawmaterialshavetogothroughamillingorgrindingoperationinwhichparticlesizeisreduced.

Andthen,thepowdersmustbethoroughlymixedwithwaterandperhapsotheringredientstogiveflowcharacteristicsthatarecompatiblewiththeparticularformingtechnique.

Theformedpicemustgothroughdryingandfiringoperations.

Afterfiring,thepicewillundergosomepostfiringoperation:

grindingandglazing.

Atlast,aceramicproductionwillbeobtained,andshippedtothecustomers.

Pleaselistthemaincompositionsofcement.（水泥的组成）

Thereismanychemicalreactionsbetweentherawmaterials:

clay,limestoneandothermaterials,shownasfollowing:

CaCO3------------CaO+CO2

CaO+SiO2-----------Ca3SiO5+Ca2SiO4

CaO+Al2O3----------Ca3Al2O6

So,themaincompositionsofcementcanbedeterminedas:

alite,belite,ferrite

Pleaseintroducetheprocessofcementproduction.（水泥生产工艺）

Portlandcementismadebyheatingamixtureoflimestoneandclay,orothermaterialsofsimilarbulkcompositionandsufficientreactivity,ultimatelytoatemperatureofabout1450˚C.Partialfusionoccurs,andnodulesclinkerareproduced.TheclinkerismixedwithafewpercentofgypsumandfinelyGround,tomakecement.

第四章高分子材料

HowtodefinepolymerMaterials（高分子材料定义）

Polymeraremacromoleculesbuiltupbythelinkingtogetheroflargenumbersofmuchsmallermolecules.Thesmallmoleculesthatcombinewitheachothertoformpolymerarecalledmonomers,andthereactionsbywhichtheycombinearetermedpolymerization.

ClassofPolymer（高分子材料分类）

Naturepolymer

Man-madepolymer

Source

Semi-naturepolymer

Chain

Mixedchain（O,N,S

Elementorganic（s,p,si,n

CarbonChain

Properties

SynthesisandstructureofPolymerMaterials（高分子材料生产工艺）

Classofreactiontype

Additionpolymerization

Condensationpolymerization

Step-GrowthPolymerization

Chain-GrowthpolymeriAdditionpolymerizationzation

Themostcommontypeofadditionpolymerizationisfreeradicalpolymerization.Afreeradicalissimplyamoleculewithanunpairedelectron.Therearesignificantreactionsthattakeplaceinadditionpolymerization:

inititation,propagation,andtermination.

Initiationreaction

Thefirststepinproducingpolymersbyfreeradicalpolymerizationisinitiation.Thisstepbeginswhenaninitiatordecomposesintofreeradicalsinpresenceofmonomers.Theinstabilityofcarbon-carbondoublebondsinthemonomermakesthemsusceptibletoreactionwiththeunpairedelectronsintheradical.

Propagationreaction

Afterasynthesisreactionhasbeeninitiated,thepropagationreactiontakesover.Inthepropagationstage,theprocessofelectrontransferandconsequentmotionoftheactivecenterdownth