Spin A 3D Interface for Cooperative Work旋转3D界面的协同工作外文文献以及翻译.docx

Spin A 3D Interface for Cooperative Work旋转3D界面的协同工作外文文献以及翻译.docx

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SpinA3DInterfaceforCooperativeWork旋转3D界面的协同工作外文文献以及翻译

Spin:

A3DInterfaceforCooperativeWork

Abstract:

inthispaper,wepresentathree-dimensionaluserinterfaceforsynchronousco-operativework,Spin,whichhasbeendesignedformulti-usersynchronousreal-timeapplicationstobeusedin,forexample,meetingsandlearningsituations.Spinisbasedonanewmetaphorofvirtualworkspace.Wehavedesignedaninterface,foranofficeenvironment,whichrecreatesthethree-dimensionalelementsneededduringameetingandincreasestheuser'sscopeofinteraction.Inordertoaccomplishtheseobjectives,animationandthree-dimensionalinteractioninrealtimeareusedtoenhancethefeelingofcollaborationwithinthethree-dimensionalworkspace.Spinisdesignedtomaintainamaximumamountofinformationvisible.Theworkspaceiscreatedusingartificialgeometry-asopposedtotruethree-dimensionalgeometry-andspatialdistortion,atechniquethatallowsalldocumentsandinformationtobedisplayedsimultaneouslywhilecenteringtheuser'sfocusofattention.Usersinteractwitheachotherviatheirrespectiveclones,whicharethree-dimensionalrepresentationsdisplayedineachuser'sinterface,andareanimatedwithuseractiononshareddocuments.Anappropriateobjectmanipulationsystem（directmanipulation,3Ddevicesandspecificinteractionmetaphors）isusedtopointoutandmanipulate3Ddocuments.

Keywords:

SynchronousCSCW;CVE;Avatar;Clone;Three-dimensionalinterface;3Dinteraction

Introduction

Technologicalprogresshasgivenusaccesstofieldsthatpreviouslyonlyexistedinourimaginations.Progressmadeincomputersandincommunicationnetworkshasbenefitedcomputer-supportedcooperativework（CSCW）,anareawheremanytechnicalandhumanobstaclesneedtobeovercomebeforeitcanbeconsideredasavalidtool.Weneedtobearinmindthedifficultiesinherentincooperativeworkandintheuser'sabilitytoperceiveathirddimension.

TheShortcomingsofTwo-DimensionalInterfaces

CurrentWIMP（windowsiconmousepointer）officeinterfaceshaveconsiderableergonomiclimitations[1].

（a）Two-dimensionalspacedoesnotdisplaylargeamountsofdataadequately.Whenitcomestodisplayingmassiveamountsofdata,2Ddisplayshaveshortcomingssuchaswindowoverlapandtheneedforiconicrepresentationofinformation[2].Moreover,thesimultaneousdisplayoftoomanywindows（thekeysymptomofWindowitis）canbestressfulforusers[3].

（b）WIMPapplicationsareindistinguishablefromoneanother;leadingtoconfusion.Windowdis-playsystems,betheyXIIorWindows,donotmakethedistinctionbetweenapplications,con-sequently,informationisdisplayedinidenticalwindowsregardlessoftheuser'stask.

（c）2Dapplicationscannotproviderealisticrep-resentation.Untilrecently,networktechnologyonlyallowedforasynchronoussessions（electronicmailforexample）;andbecausethehardwarebeingusedwasnotpowerfulenough,interfacescouldonlyuse2Drepresentationsoftheworkspace.Metaphorsinthistypeofenvironmentdonotresembletherealspace;consequently,itisdifficultfortheusertomovearoundwithinasimulated3Dspace.

（d）2Dapplicationsprovidepoorgraphicaluserrepresentations.Aswindowsareindistinguish-ableandthereisnographicalrelationbetweenwindows,itisdifficulttocreateavisuallinkbetweenusersorbetweenauserandanobjectwhentheuser'sbehaviorisbeendisplayed[4].

（e）2Dapplicationsarenotsufficientlyimmersive,because2Dgraphicalinteractionisnotintuitive（proprioceptionisnotexploited）usershavedifficultiesgettingandremaininginvolvedinthetaskathand.

Interfaces:

NewScope

Spinisanewinterfaceconcept,basedonreal-timecomputeranimation.Widespreaduseof3Dgraphiccardsforpersonalcomputershasmadereal-timeanimationpossibleonlow-costcomputers.Theintroductionofanewdimension（depth）changestheuser'srolewithintheinterface,theuseofanimationisseamlessandthereforelightenstheuser'scognitiveload.Withappropriateinputdevices,theusernowhasnewwaysofnavigatingin,interactingwithandorganizinghisworkspace.Since1995,IBMhasbeenworkingonRealPlaces[5],a3Dinterfaceproject.Itwasdevelopedtostudytheconvergencebetweenbusinessapplicationsandvirtualreality.TheuserenvironmentinRealPlacesisdividedintotwoseparatespaces（Fig,1）:

•a'worldview',a3Dmodelwhichstoresandorganizesdocumentsthrougheasyobjectinteraction;

•a'workplane',a2Dviewofobjectswithdetailedinteraction,（whatisusedinmost2Dinterfaces）.

RealPlacesallowsfor3Dorganizationofalargenumberofobjects.Theusercannavigatethroughthem,andworkonadocument,whichcanbeviewedandeditedina2Dapplicationthatisdisplayedintheforegroundofthe'world'.Itsolvestheproblemof2Ddocumentsina3Dworld,althoughthereisstillsomeoverlappingofobjects.RealPtacesdoessolvesomeoftheproblemscommonto2Dinterfacesbutitisnotseamless.Whileitintroducestwodifferentdimensionstoshowdocuments,theuserstillhasdifficultyestablishinglinksbetweenthesetwodimensionsincaseswheremulti-useractivityisbeingdisplayed.Inourinterface,wetrytocorrecttheshortcomingsof2DinterfacesasIBMdidinRealPlaces,andwegoastepfurther,weputforwardasolutionforproblemsraisedinmulti-usercooperation,Spinintegratesusersintoavirtualworkingplaceinamannerthatimitatesrealitymakingcooperationthroughtheuseof3Danimationpossible.Complextasksandrelateddatacanberepresentedseamlessly,allowingforamoreimmersiveexperience.Inthispaperwediscuss,inthefirstpart,thevariousconceptsinherentinsimultaneousdistantcooperativework（synchronousCSCW）,representationandinteractionwithina3Dinterface.Inthesecondpart,wedescribeourowninterfacemodelandhowtheconceptsbehinditweredeveloped.Weconcludewithadescriptionofthevariouscurrentandimpendingdevelopmentsdirectlyrelatedtotheprototypeandtoitsassessment.

Concepts

Whendesigninga3Dinterface,severalfieldsneedtobetakenintoconsideration.Wehavealreadymentionedreal-timecomputeranimationandcomputer-supportedcooperativework,whicharethebackboneofourproject.TherearealsocertainfieldsofthehumansciencesthathavedirecttycontributedtothedevelopmentofSpin.Ergon-omics[6],psychology[7]andsociology[8]havebroadenedourknowIedgeofthewayinwhichtheuserbehaveswithintheinterface,bothasanindividualandasamemberofagroup.

SynchronousCooperativeWork

Theinterfacemustsupportsynchronouscooper-ativework.Bythiswemeanthatitmustsupportapplicationswheretheusershavetocommunicateinordertomakedecisions,exchangeviewsorfindsolutions,aswouldbethecasewithtele-conferencingorlearningsituations.Thesenseofco-presenceiscrucial,theuserneedstohaveanimmediatefeelingthatheiswithotherpeople;experimentssuchasHydraUnits[9]andMAJIC[10]haveallowedustoisolatesomeoftheaspectsthatareessentialtomultimediainteractivemeetings.

•Eyecontact."aparticipantshouldbeabletoseethatheisbeinglookedat,andshouldbeabletolookatsomeoneelse.•Gazeawareness:

theusermustbeabletoestab-fishaparticipant'svisualfocusofattention.•Facialexpressions:

theseprovideinformationconcerningtheparticipants'reactions,theiracquiescence,theirannoyanceandsoon.•GesCures.ptayanimportantroleinpointingandin3Dinterfaceswhichuseadeterminedsetofgesturesascommands,andarealsousedasameansofexpressingemotion.

GroupActivity

Speechisfarfrombeingthesolemeansofexpressionduringverbalinteraction[11].Gestures（voluntaryorinvoluntary）andfacialexpressionscontributeasmuchinformationasspeech.More-over,collaborativeworkentailstheneedtoidentifyotherpeople'spointsofviewaswellastheiractions[12,13].Thisrequiresdefiningthemetaphorswhichwitlenableusersinvolvedincollaborativeworktounderstandwhatotherusersaredoingandtointeractwiththem.ResearchersI14]havedefinedvariouscommunicationcriteriaforrepresentingauserinavirtualenvironment.InDIVE（DistributedInteractiveVirtualEnvironment,seeFig.2）,BenfordandFahl6nlaydownrulesforeachcharacteristicandapplythemtotheirownsystem[15].lheypointouttheadvantagesofusingaclone（arealisticsynthetic3Drepresentationofahuman）torepresenttheuser.Withaclone,eyecontact（itispossibletoguidetheeyemovementsofaclone）aswellasgesturesandfacialexpressionscanbecontrolled;thisismoredifficulttoaccomplishwithvideoimages.tnadditiontohavingaclone,everyusermusthaveatelepointer,whichisusedtodesignateobiectsthatcanbeseenonotherusers'displays.

Task-OrientedInteraction

Usersattendingameetingmustbeabtetoworkononeorseveralshareddocuments,itisthereforepreferabletoplacetheminacentralpositionintheuser'sfieldofvision,thisincreasesherfeelingofparticipationinacollaborativetask.Thisconcept,whichconsistsofpositioningthedocumentssoastofocususerattention,wasdevelopedintheXeroxRoomsproject[16];theunderlyingprincipleistopreventwindowsfromoverlappingorbecomingtoonumerous.ThisisdonebyclassifyingthemaccordingtospecifictasksandplacingtheminvirtualofficessothatasingIewindowisdisplayedatanyone（given）time.Theuserneedstohaveaninstanceoftheinterfacewhichisadaptedtohisroleandthewayheapprehendsthings,tnacooperativeworkcontext,theuserisphysicallyrepresentedintheinterfaceandhasapositionrel