轮胎工艺英语.docx

轮胎工艺英语.docx

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轮胎工艺英语

TireManufacturingProcess

Tiresarenotjustroundandblacktheyaresophisticatedproductsthatcantakeyearsofresearchanddevelopmenttoproduce.Ifyouhaveeverwonderedhowtiresaremade,thefollowingisaroadmapfortheconstructionofaradialtire:

StartwithRubberandAdditives

Tireconstructionstartswhenrawchemicaladditivessuchassulfur,carbonblackandsolventsarecombinedwithnaturalandsyntheticrubber.Theprocesstakesplaceinalargemachinecalledabanbury.

Inadditiontomixingandgrinding,thebanburyheatstherubbertomakeitworkableinpreparationforfurtherapplications.Therawproductemergesintheformoflong,flatbandsofrubber,whicharethenworkedinrollingmills.

SixMainComponents

Ittakesseveralmachinestoshapetherubberintotheindividualcomponentsofthetire:

tread,ply,belts,beads,sidewalls,andinnerliner.

∙Thetreadrubberisextrudedthroughatuber,thenmeasured,cooledandcutintopreciselengths.

∙Sidewallsarealsoextrudedthroughtubers,alongwiththewhiterubberforawhitesidewallorwhiteletteredtireifrequired.

∙Theplyisproducedinacalendermill,whichcombinesthinsheetsofrubberwithnylonorpolyestercordfabrics.Thelargesheetsarecuttowidth,rolledandtransportedtotheassemblyareawhereallthecomponentswillcometogether.

∙Atthesametimeastherawrubberistransformedintothetreadandplies,thecreelroomequipsthetirewithitsbasicstrength.Finesteelwiregoesintothemanufactureofbeltsforthesteel-beltedradialtire.Rubberfromthemillsandsteelfromthecreelroomaremoldedtogetherintowideflatsheets,cutonthebias,rolled,andmovedtothetire-buildingmachine.

∙Theinnerlinerisaimpermeablelayerofrubberontheinsideofatirewhichcreatesaairtightchamberwhenfittedtothevehiclewheel.Thislayereliminatestheneedforainnertube.

∙Thelastmajorcomponentofthetireisthebead.Thebeadsarecreatedoutofwrappedsteelwire,coveredwithrubberandformedintohoops.Thebeadanchorsthefabricpliesofthetireandseatsthetirefirmlyonthewheel.

TheGreenTire

Thesixcomponents（tread,ply,belts,sidewalls,linerandbeads）cometogetheronthetire-buildingmachine.Thesesixcomponentsareassembledintowhatisknownasanuncured,orgreen,tireintwostages.

∙Thecarcassofthetire,includingbeads,plies,sidewallsandliner,isconstructedononesideofthemachine.

∙Thetreadandtheunderlyingbeltsareassemblednexttothecarcassontheothersideofthemachine.

 Thetwosubassembliesarethenjoinedtogetherandtheresultisagreentire.

Vulcanization

Thenextphaseisvulcanization,themoleculartransformationofthesoft,gummygreentireintothetough,andlongwearing,modernpassengertire.Thegreentireisplacedinacuringmoldandissubjectedtointensepressureandhighheatinternallyandexternallyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Simultaneously,thetreadpatternisimprintedontotherubber.Whenitcomesfromthemold,thetireisreadyforfinalfinishandinspection.

FinalFinishandInspection

Forshowroomquality,anyexcessrubberistrimmedoffthecuredtire.Everytireisthoroughlyinspected.Thetirethenundergoesvariousuniformitycheckstoassessrideandcomfortquality.Oncethetireshavepassedallthechecksandinspections,theyaresenttothedistributionwarehouseforshipment.

HowToReadTireSidewall

P205/55R1691W

TireSize

Example:

P205/55R1691W

P

PidentifiesyourtireasaPassengerTire.ThePstandsforPMetric.IfyourtiresizestartswithLTratherthanaPthanitidentifiesthetireasalighttrucktire.

205

205identifiesthetiresectionwidth,whichisthemeasurementofthetirefromsidewalltosidewallinmillimeters.Thismeasurementvariesdependingontherimtowhichitisfitted.

（Thereare25.4millimetersper1inch.）

55

55isthetwo-figureaspectratio.Thispercentagecomparesthetire'ssectionheightwiththetire'ssectionwidth.Forexample,thisaspectratioof55meansthatthetire'ssectionheightis55%ofthetire'ssectionwidth.

R

Rindicatestheconstructionusedwithinthetire'scasing.Rstandsforradialconstruction.BmeansbeltedbiasandDstandsfordiagonalbiasconstruction.

16

16Thelastdimensionlistedinthesizeisthediameterofthewheelrimwhichismostoftenmeasuredininches.

LoadIndexandSpeedRating

91W

91WTheloadindexandspeedrating,orservicedescriptionarethenumbersthatfollowthetiresize.

Theloadindextellsyouhowmuchweightthetirecansupportwhenproperlyinflated.Loadindicesrangefrom74-150forpassengertireswitheachnumericvaluecorrespondingtoacertaincarryingcapacity.Thecarryingcapacityforeachvaluecanbefoundonaloadindexchart.OneachU.S.passengercartire,theloadlimitislistedinpounds.Europeantireshavetheloadlimitlistedinkilogramsandsometimespounds.

SpeedRatings

SpeedratingsarerepresentedbylettersrangingfromAtoZ.Eachlettercoincidestothemaximumspeedatirecansustainunderitsrecommendedloadcapacity.Forinstance,Sisequivalenttoamaxspeedof112mph.Eventhoughatirecanperformatthisspeed,wedonotadvocateexceedinglegalspeedlimits.

SpeedSymbol

Speed（km/h）

Speed（mph）

A1

5

3

A2

10

6

A3

15

9

A4

20

12

A5

25

16

A6

30

19

A7

35

22

A8

40

25

B

50

31

C

60

37

D

65

40

E

70

43

F

80

50

G

90

50

G

90

56

J

100

62

K

110

68

L

120

75

M

130

81

N

140

87

P

150

94

Q

160

100

R

170

106

S

180

112

T

190

118

U

200

124

H

210

130

V

240

149

W

270

168

Y

300

186

（Z）

300

186

DOTSerialNumber

The"DOT"symbolcertifiesthetiremanufacturer'scompliancewiththeU.S.DepartmentofTransportationtiresafetystandards.Belowisadescriptionoftheserialnumber.Startingwiththeyear2000,fournumbersareusedfortheDateofManufacture,firsttwonumbersidentifytheweekandthelasttwonumbersidentifytheyearofmanufacture.

Priortoyear2000threenumbersareusedfortheDateofmanufacture,firsttwonumbersidentifytheweekandthelastnumberidentifiestheyearofmanufacture.Toidentifytiresmanufacturedinthe90'sadecadesymbol（atriangleonitsside）islocatedattheendoftheDOTserialnumber.

TireMaintenanceTips

Yourtiresaretheonlypartofyourvehiclethatactuallytouchestheroadwhenyoudrive.Itonlytakesacoupleofminutesofmaintenanceeachmonthtokeepyourtiresworkingattheirbest.

CheckYourAirPressureOnceaMonth

Incorrectairpressureistheleadingcauseoftiredamage.Toavoidtiredamageyouneedtocheckyourtire'sairpressureonceamonth.

Thecorrecttirepressureislistedonthevehicleplacard&canbefoundinthefollowingplaces:

∙Thecar'sownermanual

∙Insidethegastanklid

∙Ontheedgeofthedriver'ssidedoor

∙Onthedoorpost

TheairpressurelistedonthesideofyourtireisNOTthecorrectairpressureforyourvehicle.Thatnumberisthemaximumairpressureforthetire.Remembertochecktheairinyoursparetire.

Don'tgetstrandedorputoutcostlytowingexpenses.Checkyourairpressureonyourspareregularly.Note:

Ifyouhavedifferentrimsthancameonyourvehicleoriginally,makesurethattheboltsonyoursparetirearethecorrectfitting.

Failuretokeepyourtiresproperlyinflatedcanincreasewearandwillhaveanegativeeffectonyourvehicleshandling.

Whencheckingandadjustingtirepressure,thefollowingshouldbekeptinmind:

∙Checktheairpressurewhenthetireiscold-tiresbecomehotevenafterdrivingjustamile.Ifyoumustdrivetoaddair,checkyourairpressurebeforeyouleave.Airpressurechanges1-2poundsforevery10degreesoftemperaturechange.Airpressuregoesupinwarmweatheranddownincoldweather.

∙Tirepressuremustbethesameonthetiresofeachaxle,butmaybedifferentonthefrontandrearaxle.

∙Valvecapsmustbetightlyclosedtoprotectthevalvefromdustanddirtandpreventitfromleaking.

∙Replacemissingvalvecapswithoutdelay.

Takethisopportunitytoinspectyourtirestomakesurethereisnothingstuckinthemortheyhavenodeformities.

TreadDepth

Topreventhydroplaningandskiddingyourtiresmusthavepropertreaddepth.Theminimumtreaddepthis1/16thofandinch.

Askanyone,theeasiestwaytocheckyourtreaddepth...thepennytest.Whatisthepennytest?

Takeapennyandplaceitinthetreadofyourtire.IfpartofLincoln'sheadiscoveredbythetreadyourtireshaveenoughtread.IfyoucanseeLincoln'sentirehead,youshouldbuyanewtire.

Youshouldalsocheckyourtiretreadforunevenwear.Irregularwearshortensthelifeofyourtires,ifyouthinkyouhaveunevenwearyoushouldtakeyouvehicletoyourtiredealer.

Rotation

Thebestwaytopreventunevenwearistohaveyourtiresrotatedevery6,000-8,000milesorasspecifiedinyourvehicle'sownermanual.

PotentialTireTroubles

∙Curbscanprovetobebigtroubletoyourtires.Approachcurbswithcare,ifyoudriveoverthemtoofastoratthewrongangletheimpactmaycausethetiretocrack.

∙Avoidpotholesordebrisintheroadwhenpossible.

∙Avoidfaststops&starts.

∙Besuretocheckyourowner'smanualforyourvehiclesmaximumload.Overloadingyourvehiclecanshortenyourtireslife.

ReplacingYourTires

Youshouldreplaceyourtireswiththesametypeoftiresthatcameonyourvehicleoriginalequipment.Thisinclud