韩山师范学院成人教育.docx
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韩山师范学院成人教育
韩山师范学院成人教育
学生毕业论文
(2016届)
题目(中文)※※※※※※(黑体三号加粗居中)
(英文)※※※※(TimesNewRoman四号居中)
专业:
英语班级:
系别:
外国语言文学系
姓名:
※※※学号:
指导教师:
※※副教授
韩山师范学院外语系制
诚信声明
我声明,所呈交的毕业论文是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我查证,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,我承诺,论文中的所有内容均真实、可信。
毕业论文作者签名:
签名日期:
2015年8月30日
Contents
1.Introduction………………………………………….……………………………………1
2.Threesourcesofknowledge……………………………….………………………………1
2.1Experience………………………………………………………………………………1
2.2Reasoning……………………………………...……………………………………….2
2.3Research…………………………………………………………………………………3
3.Fourtypesofstudy…………………………….…………………………………………4
3.1Receptivestudy…………………………….……………………………………………5
3.2Productivestudy…………………………………………………………………………5
3.3Criticalstudy…………………………………………………………………………….6
3.4Creativestudy…………………………………………………………………………6
4.Promotingdynamicinterplaybetweenstudyandresearch……………………………7
4.1SomepossiblewaysofELTpracticeconcerningstudyandresearch………………….7
4.2TwoapproachestomutualstimulationbetweenstudyandresearchinELT…..………8
5.Conclusion…...……………………………………………………………………………8
References………………………….…………………………………………………………9
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………..10
A4纸打印,两端对齐,行间距1.25倍,左边距3厘米,右边距2厘米,上下边距2.5厘米。
Abstract:
Thispaperfirstexploresthesignificanceofresearchincomparisontotheothertwosourcesofhumanknowledge(i.e.experienceandreasoning)inthecontextofELTpracticeinChina.Itthenelaboratesthefourkindsofstudy:
receptivestudy,productivestudy,criticalstudyandcreativestudy,andproposesapracticeofever-advancingintegrationofvarioustypesofstudywithdifferentlevelsofdepthofinformationprocessing.Itfinallydiscussespossiblerelationshipsbetweenstudyandresearchandsuggestsresearch-basedstudyandstudy-orientedresearchastwopotentialapproachestomutualstimulationbetweenstudyandresearchinELTpracticeinChina.
Keywords:
study;research;Englishlanguageteaching
摘要:
本文首先结合中国英语教学实际探讨了研究在教学中的重大作用,指出它是人类知识三大来源中最重要的一项;然后阐述了学习的四个层次,即接受性学习、运用性学习、评析性学习和创造性学习,还提出英语学习的全过程应当是一个在学习层次上包容性不断提高的实践,即能够融汇越来越多高层次学习的过程;最后讨论了学习与研究间的关系,并提出了在英语教学中实现学习研究相互促进的两种途径,即以研究为基点的学习和以学习为前导的研究。
关键词:
学习;研究;英语教学
1.Introduction
Studyandresearcharetwoofthemostconfusingtermsusedineducationalsettingsbecausetheycansometimesusequiteinterchangeablywhileonotheroccasionstheymayrefertosomethingremarkablydifferent.Whenwesay,“We’redoingastudyintohowmuchtimemiddleschoolstudentsspendlearningEnglish”,wemeanthatwearedoingresearchintothisissue.However,inthesentence“Aftersixyearsofstudyinschool,hesuccessfullyenteredZhejiangUniversityattheageof17”,the“study”usedhereisgenerallynotinterpretedas“research”.
Nowadays,itisreasonablyacceptabletosaythatstudentscannotonlystudybutalsoresearch.Researchersneedtostudyinthecourseofresearch.Tobeteachers,theyshoulddosomeresearchwhilecontinuingtheirstudyofwhattheyareteachinginfurthereducation.InordertopromoteEnglishlanguageteaching(ELT)inschoolsandcollegesinChina,thispaperwillfirstdiscusstheroleofresearchintheacquisitionofknowledge,thenexaminethekindsofstudy,andfinallyexplorethedynamicinteractionbetweenstudyandresearchintermsofeducationaltheoryandpracticeinELTsettings.
2.Threesourcesofknowledge
Researchisoneofthethreemajormeansforhumanbeingstoacquireknowledgeoftheenvironmentincludingthenaturalworldandourhumansociety.Theothertwoare“experience”and“reasoning”(CohenandManion1).Theroleofresearchintheacquisitionofhumanknowledgecanhardlybeunderstoodfullywithoutbeingstudiedinconnectiontothatofexperienceandreasoning.Forthepurposeofachievingabetterunderstandingofresearch,theroleofexperienceandreasoningwillbeconsideredbeforethatofresearch.
2.1Experience
Experienceisakindofdevelopmentofpersonalknowledgeoftheworld.Itisregardedasanindividuallyaccumulatedbodyofknowledge(CohenandManion1).
Inaproblem-solvingsituation,peopletendtoresorttopersonalexperiencefirst.However,wheresolutionstoproblemsclearlyliebeyondthisbodyofpersonalexperience,itisoftenhelplesstoresorttopersonalexperience.
Inthecaseofforeignlanguagelearning,thelearner’snativelanguageofteninterfereswithorfacilitatesthelearningofthetargetlanguage.Thiscanbeconsideredasaclearindicationofthelearner’srelianceonthepersonalexperienceinhisorherfirstlanguage.Itisarguablethatthepersonalexperienceisbynomeansreliablealthoughitissometimeshelpfulbecauseitcannotguaranteesmoothprogressandsuccessinforeignlanguagelearning.
AsforEnglishlanguageteaching,ourexperienceofEnglishexaminationscanberesortedtowhenwehelpourstudentsprepareforthecollegeentranceexaminationofEnglish.However,itisdifficultforustoresorttoourpreviouspersonalexperiencewhenwearefacingtheproblemofhowtomotivatemiddleschoolstudentsincommunicativelanguageteachingasmanyofthemcanhardlyseeanychancetocommunicatedirectlywithnativespeakersofEnglish.
2.2Reasoning
Reasoningistheactofformingconclusions,judgementsorinferencesbythinkinginalogicalmanner.Therearetwobasictypesofreasoning:
oneisinductivereasoningandtheotherisdeductivereasoning.
Inductivereasoningbeginswithobservationsandevidenceofempiricalregularitiesorempiricalrelationships(Howard8).Thisisamentalprocessfromanumberofspecificcasestoageneralideaunderlyingthem.WhenalearnerofEnglishcomesacrossexpressionssuchas“threebooks”,“manyships”,“twominutes”,heorshemayformahypothesisthat“-s”isusedtoindicatetheideaof“twoormore”.Itisnotdifficulttoseethatinductivereasoninginforeignlanguagelearningoftenleadstohypothesisformation.
Deductivereasoningbeginswithbasicbeliefs,theories,assumptions,propositions,andsoon,thevalidityofwhichisassumedanduntested(Howard8).Thisisamentalactivityfromageneralideatospecificcases.Inforeignlanguagelearning,ifwelearnagrammaticalruleoraword-formationrulefirst,thenweapplyittomakeasentenceortocoinanewword.Forexample,accordingtotheEnglishword-formationrulethattheprefix“un-”andanadjectivemaycombinetoformanotheradjectivewithnegativeoroppositeforceinit:
“un-”and“happy”gotogethertoform“unhappy”withthemeaningof“nothappy”.
Thereisanobviouslimitationinreasoningasanactivity.AccordingtoCohenandManion,“it[reasoning]wasnolongerrelatedtoobservationandexperienceandbecamemerelyamentalexercise”(3).Thatistosay,thecredibilityofreasoning,whetherinductiveordeductive,willbequestionableoncereasoningisnotconnectedtothereality.Nowconsiderthehypothesisthat“-s”usedwithacountablenounindicatestheideaof“twoormore”again.AsnotedbyQuirkandhisco-authors,“unlikesomelanguageswherepluralimplies‘twoormore’,Englishmakesthedivisionafter‘morethanone’:
onehalfday,onedayBut:
oneandahalfdays,twodays,oneortwodays”(297).Here,itisclearthatreasoningitselfcannotguaranteeitsself-correction.Similarly,theapplicationoftheword-formationruleinthepreviousparagraphcannotpreventlearnersfrommakingunacceptableadjectivessuchas“*unhonest”,“*unactive”.Whensucherrorsoccur,theyareconsideredascasesofovergeneralizationreflectingthelimitationofinductivereasoning.
Althoughreasoninghasitsweaknesses,itscontributionstothehumanknowledgeareenormous.AsCohenandManionstate,theroleofreasoningintheacquisitionofhumanknowledgeisthreefold:
1)thesuggestionofhypotheses;2)thelogicaldevelopmentofthesehypotheses;and3)theclarificationandinterpretationofscientificfindingsandtheirsynthesisintoaconceptualframework(4).Theimplicationoftheirremarkshintsthatreasoningnotonlydirectsbutalsoconstructsthedevelopmentofhumanknowledge,includingourknowledgeoflanguageandlanguagelearningandteaching.
2.3Research
Researchcanbedefinedfromdifferentperspectives.Fromtheviewofinformationprocessing,researchreferstotheprocessofobtainingandanalysinginformation(HitchcockandHughes5).Consideringitsdesignfeatures,research“hasbeendefinedbyKerlingerasthesystematic,controlled,empiricalandcriticalinvestigationofhypotheticalpropositionsaboutthepresumedrelationsamongnaturalphenomena(CohenandManion4).
CohenandManionelaboratethethreeadvantagesofresearchincomparisontoexperienceandreasoning:
First,researchissystematicandcontrolledbecauseitsoperationsarebasedonreasoningwhereasexperiencecannotbesystematicandself-correctingbecauseofitshaphazardmannerindealingwithaproblem.Second,researchisempiricalbecauseitresortstoexperienceforvalidationwhereasreasoningisnotempiricalbecauseofitssubjectivenature.Third,onlyresearchisself-corrective.Thisself-correctivefunctioningisguaranteedintwoways.Ontheonehand,thescientificmethodofresearchhasbuilt-inmechanismstoprotectresearchersfromerror.Ontheotherhand,theresearcher’sproceduresandresultsareopentopublicexaminationbyfellowprofessionals(CohenandManion4).(SeeTable1)
CohenandManion’selaborationrevealsthatresearchcombinesthestrengthsofbothexperienceandreasoningwhileavoidingtheirweaknesses.Therefore,researchcanberegardedasthemostpowerfulmeanstoacquirenewknowledge.Itisbeneficialforbothteachersandstudentstointegrateresearchintotheirstudyand