GRE阅读 王鹏word讲义 ex915.docx

GRE阅读 王鹏word讲义 ex915.docx

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GRE阅读王鹏word讲义ex915

ExerciseNine

    Currently,theparamountprobleminthefieldofbiomaterials,thescienceofreplacingdiseasedtissuewithhuman-madeimplants,iscontrolovertheinterface,orsurface,betweenimplantedbiomaterialsandlivingtissues.Thephysicalpropertiesofmosttissuescanbematchedbycarefulselectionofrawmaterials:

metals,ceramics,orseveralvarietiesofpolymermaterials.Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.Butachievingnecessarymatchesinphysicalpropertiesacrossinterfacesbetweenlivingandnon-livingmatterrequiresknowledgeofwhichmoleculescontrolthebondingofcellstoeachother—anareathatwehavenotyetexploredthoroughly.Althoughrecentresearchhasallowedustostabilizethetissue-biomaterialinterfacebycontrollingeitherthechemicalreactionsorthemicrostructureofthebiomaterials,ourfundamentalunderstandingofhowimplantdevicesadheretotissuesremainswoefullyincomplete.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themajorproblemcurrentlyfacingscientistsinthefieldofbiomaterialsis

  （A）assessingandregulatingthebondingbetweenhosttissueandimplants

  （B）controllingthetransferofpotentiallytoxicmaterialsacrosstheinterfaceoftissueandimplant

  （C）discoveringnewmaterialsfromwhichtoconstructimplantdevices

  （D）decidinginwhatsituationsimplantsareneeded

  （E）determiningtheimportanceofshort-termimplantstolong-termstabilityoftissueimplantinterfaces

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttherecentresearchmentionedinlines25-32?

  （A）Ithassolvedonesetofproblemsbuthascreatedanother.

  （B）Ithasconcentratedonsecondaryconcernsbuthasignoredprimaryconcerns.

  （C）Ithasimprovedpracticalapplicationsofbiomaterialtechnologywithoutprovidingacompletetheoreticalexplanationofthatimprovement.

  （D）Ithasthoroughlyinvestigatedpropertiesofbiomaterialsbuthaspaidlittleattentiontorelevantcharacteristicsofhumantissue.

  （E）Ithasprovidedconsiderableinformationonshort-termimplanttechnologybutlittleonlong-termimplanttechnology.

3.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto

  （A）answeratheoreticalquestioninthefieldofbiomaterials

  （B）discussthecurrentstateoftechnologyinthefieldofbiomaterials

  （C）resolvearesearchdisputeinthefieldofbiomaterials

  （D）predictanethicalcrisisforbiomaterialsresearchers

  （E）suggestsomepracticalbenefitsofbiomaterialimplants

   Islamiclawisaparticularlyinstructiveexampleof"sacredlaw."Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding,ofcourse,aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequatelythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Eventhetwootherrepresentativesofsacredlawthatarehistoricallyandgeographicallynearesttoit,JewishlawandRomanCatholiccanonlaw,areperceptiblydifferent.

   BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthanIslamiclaw.ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora（thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael）,thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit;Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-IslamicArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.Allthiswasunifiedbybeingsubjectedtothesamekindofreligiousscrutiny,theimpactofwhichvariedgreatly,beingalmostnonexistentinsomefields,andinothersoriginatingnovelinstitutions.Thiscentraldualityoflegalsubjectmatterandreligiousnormisadditionaltothevarietyoflegal,ethical,andritualrulesthatistypicalofsacredlaw.

   Initsrelationtothesecularstate,IslamiclawdifferedfrombothJewishandcanonlaw.Jewishlawwasbuttressedbythecohesionofthecommunity,reinforcedbypressurefromoutside;itsrulesarethedirectexpressionofthisfeelingofcohesion,tendingtowardtheaccommodationofdissent.CanonandIslamiclaw,onthecontrary,weredominatedbythedualismofreligionandstate,wherethestatewasnot,incontrastwithJudaism,analienpowerbutthepoliticalexpressionofthesamereligion.Buttheconflictbetweenstateandreligiontookdifferentforms;inChristianityitappearedasthestruggleforpoliticalpoweronthepartofatightlyorganizedecclesiasticalhierarchy,andcanonlawwasoneofitspoliticalweapons.Islamiclaw,ontheotherhand,wasneversupportedbyanorganizedinstitution;consequently,thereneverdevelopedanoverttrialofstrength.TheremerelyexisteddiscordancebetweenapplicationofthesacredlawandmanyoftheregulationsframedbyIslamicstates;thisantagonismvariedaccordingtoplaceandtime.

4.Theauthor'spurposeincomparingIslamiclawtoJewishlawandcanonlawismostprobablyto

  （A）contendthattraditionallegalsubjectmatterdoesnotplayalargeroleinIslamiclaw

  （B）supporthisargumentthatIslamiclawisauniquekindoflegalphenomenon

  （C）emphasizethevarietyofformsthatcanallbeconsideredsacredlaw

  （D）provideanexampleofhowhebelievescomparativeinstitutionalstudyshouldbeundertaken

  （E）arguethatgeographicalandhistoricalproximitydoesnotnecessarilyleadtoparallelinstitutionaldevelopment

5.Thepassageprovidesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

  （A）DoesIslamiclawdependonsourcesotherthanArablegalprinciples?

  （B）WhatsecularpracticesofIslamicstatesconflictedwithIslamiclaw?

  （C）AreJewishlawandcanonlawthemosttypicalexamplesofsacredlaw?

  （D）IsJewishlawmoreuniformthancanonlaw?

  （E）WhatcharacterizedArablawofthepre-Islamicera?

6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsacredlawiscorrect?

  （A）Thevarioussystemsofsacredlaworiginatedinalimitedgeographicalarea.

  （B）Thevarioussystemsofsacredlawhavehadmarkedinfluenceononeanother.

  （C）Systemsofsacredlawusuallyrelyonawidevarietyofprecedents.

  （D）Systemsofsacredlawgenerallycontainprescriptionsgoverningdiverseaspectsofhumanactivity.

  （E）Systemsofsacredlawfunctionmosteffectivelyincommunitieswithrelativelysmallpopulations.

7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheapplicationofIslamiclawinIslamicstateshas

  （A）systematicallybeenopposedbygroupswhobelieveitiscontrarytotheirinterests

  （B）sufferedirreparablyfromthelackoffirminstitutionalbacking

  （C）frequentlybeenatoddswiththelegalactivityofgovernmentinstitutions

  （D）remainedunaffectedbythepoliticalforcesoperatingalongsideit

  （E）benefitedfromthefactthatitneverexperiencedadirectconfrontationwiththestate

8.Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

  （A）Auniversalprincipleisadvancedandthendiscussedinrelationtoaparticularhistoricalphenomenon.

  （B）Amethodologicalinnovationissuggestedandthenexamplesofitsefficacyareprovided.

  （C）Atraditionalinterpretationisquestionedandthenmodifiedtoincludenewdata.

  （D）Ageneralopinionisexpressedandthensupportiveillustrationsareadvanced.

  （E）Acontroversialviewpointispresentedandthenbothsupportiveevidenceandcontradictoryevidencearecited.

9.ThepassageimpliesthattherelationshipofIslamic,Jewish,andcanonlawiscorrectlydescribedbywhichofthefollowingstatements?

  I.Becauseeachconstitutesanexampleofsacredlaw,theynecessarilysharesomefeatures.

  II.Theyeachdevelopedinreactiontotheinterferenceofsecularpoliticalinstitutions.

  III.Thedifferencesamongthemresultpartlyfromtheirdifferingemphasisonpurelyethicalrules.

  （A）Ionly

  （B）IIIonly

  （C）IandIIonly

  （D）IIandIIIonly

  （E）I,II,andIII

10.ThepassagesuggeststhatcanonlawdiffersfromIslamiclawinthatonlycanonlaw

   （A）containsprescriptionsthatnonsacredlegalsystemsmightregardasproperlylegal

   （B）concernsitselfwiththedutiesofapersoninregardtothecommunityasawhole

   （C）wasaffectedbythetensionoftheconflictbetweenreligionandstate

   （D）developedinapoliticalenvironmentthatdidnotchallengeitsfundamentalexistence

   （E）playedaroleinthedirectconfrontationbetweeninstitutionsvyingforpower

11.AllofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedevelopmentofIslamiclawareimpliedinthepassageEXCEPT:

   （A）Pre-IslamiclegalprincipleswereincorporatedintoIslamiclawwithwidelydifferingdegreesofchange.

   （B）Diverselegalelementswerejoinedtogetherthroughtheapplicationofapurelyreligiouscriterion.

   （C）AlthoughsomeofthesourcesofIslamiclawwerepagan,itsintegrityasasacredlawwasnotcompromisedbytheirincorporation.

   （D）Therewasafundamentalsharedcharacteristicinallpre-IslamiclegalmattertakenoverbyIslamiclaw.

  （E）AlthoughIslamemergedamongtheArabs,Isla