中英教育制度对比.docx

中英教育制度对比.docx

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中英教育制度对比

TheComparisonandImplicationofEducationSystemsinChinaandUK

INTRODUCTION

Initsbroadsense,educationreferstoanyactorexperiencethathasaformativeeffectonthemind,character,orphysicalabilityofanindividual.Initstechnicalsenseeducationistheprocessbywhichsociety,throughschools,colleges,universities,andotherinstitutions,deliberatelytransmitsitsculturalheritage—itsaccumulatedknowledge,values,andskills--fromonegenerationtoanother.

ThePeople'sRepublicofChinahasanationwidesystemofpubliceducation,whichincludesprimaryschools,middleschools（lowerandupper）,anduniversities.NineyearsofeducationistechnicallycompulsoryforallChinesestudents.EducationinChinaistheresponsibilityoftheMinistryofEducation.Theeducationsystemprovidesfreeprimaryeducationforsixyears（someprovincesmayhave5yearsforprimaryschoolbut4yearsformiddleschool）,startingatagesevenorsix,followedbysixyearsofsecondaryeducationforages12to18.Atthislevel,therearethreeyearsofmiddleschoolandthreeyearsofhighschool.TheMinistryofEducationreporteda99%attendancerateforprimaryschoolandan80percentrateforbothprimaryandmiddleschools.Sincefreehighereducationwasabolishedin1985,applicantstocollegesanduniversitiescompetedforscholarshipsbasedonacademicability.Privateschoolshavebeenallowedsincetheearly1980s.Thepopulationhashadonaverageonly6.2yearsofschooling,butin1986thegoalofnineyearsofcompulsoryeducationby2000wasestablished.

Toprovideforitspopulation,Chinahasavastandvariedschoolsystem.Therearepreschools,kindergartens,schoolsforthedeafandblind,keyschools（similartocollegepreparatoryschools）,primaryschools,secondaryschools（comprisingjuniorandseniormiddleschools,secondaryagriculturalandvocationalschools,regularsecondaryschools,secondaryteachers'schools,secondarytechnicalschools,andsecondaryprofessionalschools）,andvariousinstitutionsofhigherlearning（consistingofregularcollegesanduniversities,professionalcolleges,andshort-termvocationaluniversities）.Intermsofaccesstoeducation,China'ssystemrepresentedapyramid;becauseofthescarcityofresourcesallottedtohighereducation,studentnumbersdecreasedsharplyatthehigherlevels.Althoughthereweredramaticadvancesinprimaryeducationafter1949,achievementsinsecondaryandhighereducationwerenotasgreat.Althoughthegovernmenthasauthorityovertheeducationsystem,theChineseCommunistPartyhasplayedaroleinmanagingeducationsince1949.ThepartyestablishedbroadeducationpoliciesandunderDengXiaoping,tiedimprovementsinthequalityofeducationtoitsmodernizationplan.Thepartyalsomonitoredthegovernment'simplementationofitspoliciesatthelocallevelandwithineducationalinstitutionsthroughitspartycommittees.Partymemberswithineducationalinstitutions,whooftenhavealeadingmanagementrole,areresponsibleforsteeringtheirschoolsinthedirectionmandatedbypartypolicy.

EducationintheUnitedKingdomisadevolvedmatterwitheachofthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdomhavingseparatesystemsunderseparategovernments.TheUKGovernmentisresponsibleforEducationinEnglandwiththeSecretaryofStateforChildren,SchoolsandFamiliesandtheSecretaryofStateforInnovation,UniversitiesandSkillsleading,thoughthedaytodayadministrationandfundingofstateschoolsistheresponsibilityofLocalEducationAuthorities.TheScottishGovernmentisresponsibleforEducationinScotlandwiththeCabinetSecretaryforEducationandLifelongLearningleading.TheWelshAssemblyGovernmentisresponsibleforEducationinWalesandtheNorthernIrelandExecutiveresponsibleforeducationinNorthernIrelandwiththeMinisterforEducation,currentlyCaitríonaRuane（SinnFéin）,leadingthoughresponsibilityatalocallevelisadministeredbyfiveEducationandLibraryBoards.

Ineachcountry,education,thoughnotschoolattendanceismandatoryandattendanceatprimaryandsecondaryisnearlyuniversal.Thoughmostpupilsareeducatedinstateschools,thereisalsoanimportantprivatesector.Similarly,mostuniversitiesintheUnitedKingdomarestatefunded,thoughthereisoneprivateuniversityinEngland-theUniversityofBuckingham-wherestudentsarerequiredtopayallthecostswithoutstatesupport.

Therearealotofdifferencesbetweentheeducationsystems,whichcausedbyalotofreasons,suchasculturedifferences,economicreasons,andconcepts,etc.

Keywords:

EducationSystem;Innovation;Independence;Suggestions

ChapterOne

THECOMPARISONOFEDUCATIONSYSTEMINCHINAANDUK

Chinahasalonghistoryineducation.Educationsystemhasbeenevolvedfromgenerationtogeneration.Butthemostaccomplishedperiodistheonesince1960s,thatistosay,afterPeople'sRepublicofChinaestablishing,especiallyforadaptingtotheeconomicmodernization.Thepost-MaoZedongChineseCommunistPartyleadershipviewededucationasthefoundationoftheFourModernizations.

1.1ChineseEducationSystem

DengXiaoping'sfar-rangingeducationalreformpolicy,whichinvolvedalllevelsoftheeducationsystem,aimedtonarrowthegapbetweenChinaandotherdevelopingcountries.ModernizingeducationwascriticaltomodernizingChina.Devolutionofeducationalmanagementfromthecentraltothelocallevelwasthemeanschosentoimprovetheeducationsystem.Centralizedauthoritywasnotabandoned,however,asevidencedbythecreationoftheStateEducationCommission.Academically,thegoalsofreformweretoenhanceanduniversalizeelementaryandjuniormiddleschooleducation;toincreasethenumberofschoolsandqualifiedteachers;andtodevelopvocationalandtechnicaleducation.Auniformstandardforcurricula,textbooks,examinations,andteacherqualificationswasestablished,andconsiderableautonomyandvariationsinandamongtheautonomousregions,provinces,andspecialmunicipalitieswereallowed.Further,thesystemofenrollmentandjobassignmentinhighereducationwaschanged,andexcessivegovernmentcontrolovercollegesanduniversitieswasreduced.

Nowadaysthequalityeducationhasalreadyarrestedpeople'sattentionsforitsuniqueimportance.Theaimofqualityeducationshouldbethededicationtoimprovingthreespecialqualitiesamongthestudents,thatis,qualityofthelaborer,ofthecountry,andofthenation.QualityEducationhasfouraspects---Moral,Intellectual,PhysicalandLabor.

Moreover,itisnecessarytorealizethreegreatchangesinthelongprocess,thatis,tochangefrommerelycultivatingtheminoritystudentsoftopnotchtoimprovingthequalityofthecollectivity,tochangefrommerelyemphasizingtheintellectualeducationtotheall-aroundoneexpandedtomorality,phsique,aestheticsandlabor,andtochangefromeducationofexaminationtothatforthesocialistmodernization.Allthisembodiestheurgentadaptationtothechallengingcompetitionsinthecurrentsociety.SoQualityEducationcanbeseenas“thebiggestleap”inthereformofeducationsystem.

InChina,educationisalwaysanimportantpartofpeople’slife.Theeducationisdividedintothreecategories:

basiceducation,highereducation,andadulteducation.TheCompulsoryEducationLawofstipulatesthateachchildhasnineyearsofformaleducation.Studentsenteraprimaryschool,secondaryschool,collegeanduniversityandthengetdegrees.Although,Chinahasagreatcivilizationfromoldtonow,itseducationsystemisnotasperfectasweexpect.StudentsstudyEnglish,Chinese,mathastheirmajorcourses,andthenstudybiology,geography,history,politic,physical,chemistryandPE.Pupil’scurriculumisnotasinterestingastheUK’sandtheUSA’s,becauseduringschool,theyaretaughtmusic,artandsoon.AsChinesestudents,theyhavetoomuchstress.Theymuststudyhard;otherwisethereisnowaystoasplendidfuture.

ThemostattractivepointinChineseeducationsystemisthatChinesepeopleemphasizethetraditionalknowledge,whichmakesthestudentshaveasolidfoundation.Itisobviousthatchildreninourcountrylearnmoreinthechildhood.Butthewesternstudentslearnslowly.

Manyschoolsmanagethewholestudentsstrictly.Moreover,alargenumberofteachersareseriousandresponsible.Studentsareconcentratedintheclassandownstrongknowledge,whichhasacloserelationshipwiththesuccessinOlympiadcompetition.

ThedefectsaremoreinChineseeducationsystem.Firstly,itlacksofcultivatingstudents’senseofinnovation.ThereasonisthatChinaisadoptingtheformoftheexam-orientededucation.Creativethinking,suchasfeelerguess,adventuroushypothesisandwaysofthinkinglikeintuitionandinspiration,isthesignificanttermtobreakthroughcommonthinking.Therapiddevelopmentoftechnologyrequiresencyclopediaknowledgeandbreakingthroughtheroutinewayofthinking.Soitcanchangeknowledgetothefoundationofcreativity.Itisimportantforstudentstohavecreativityinsocietyaftertheygraduate.Itiscommonthatteachersinschoolsemphasizebookknowledge,promoterote,useastandardanswer,doalotofexercisesandcausesuppressioninpersonalitydevelopment.Somanystudentsfeeltiedwhentheyarelearningtheknowledge,evenboring.Therefore,thecreativityisoutofminddaybyday.Thatistosay,itisnottruethatChinesestudentsdonotbebornwithsenseofinnovation.Butitisdisappearingundertheinfluenceofenvironmentimpact.

AlthoughitisbetterafterthecountryadopttheQualityEducation,itexistssomedissatisfaction.Accordingtosurvey,eightypercentofthestudentsthinkQuali