崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译

英文文献及翻译

IMPETUSFORWORSHIP:

ANEXPLORATORYSTUDYOFADOLESCENTS’IDOLADORATIONBEHAVIORS

INTRODUCTION

TheobjectiveofthisarticleistoexploretheidolizationbehaviorsofTaiwaneseadolescents.Thestudygathered1,636questionnairesfrom13seniorhighschoolsacrossnorthern,central,southern,andeasternTaiwan.Theresultsindicatethatadolescents'gendercorrelateswiththeidoltypetheychoosetoadorewhentheidolismale.Thisstudysummarizes"exterior,""interior,""wealth,"and"athlete"asfourunderlyingidoltraitsattractingadolescents.Varioustypesofidolsareconsideredtobesignificantlydifferentonthesefourtraits.Theimpactsofthefourtraitsonadolescents'worshiplevelsarenonsymmetrical.Whilethetraitsofexteriorandathleteareworshipfacilitators,thetraitofwealthisaprohibitor.Bycontrast,thetraitofinteriorisneutralandhasnoeffectonworshiplevels.Furthermore,adolescentsareinvolvedinhigherlevelsofworshipwhentheidolisamediastaroristheoppositegenderoftheadolescent.Generally,adolescents'worshiplevelsareheightenedbytheillusionofaperfectidol,indicatingnonrationalworshipbehaviors.Implicationsregardingtheassociationbetweenadolescents'cognitiveabilitiesandidols'traitsarediscussedforfutureresearch.

Thephenomenonofidolizationisacharacteristicofadolescence.Anidolissomeonewhosetalents,achievements,status,orphysicalappearanceareespeciallyrecognizedandappreciatedbyhisorherfans.Sinceobjectsofidolizationcomefromvariousdomainsoflife,sportchampions,movieactors/actresses,televisionpersonalities,popstars,andpoliticalorreligiousleaderscanallbeidolizedfigures（Raviv,Bar-tal,Raviv,&Ben-Horn,1996）.Idolizationcantakemanydifferentforms.FromextremecasesofsuicidesandskippinglessonstocatchaglimpseoftheiridolstolisteningtoCDscasuallyeverynowandthen,adolescentsshowtheirdevotionandadmirationoftheiridolsinvariousdifferentways（McCutcheon,Lange,&Houran,2002）.

Psychologistsbelievethatduringadolescents'transitiontoadulthoodtheyformstrongattachmentstofiguresaroundthemastheysearchfortheirownidentity（Greene&Adams-Price,1990;Ravivetal.,1996;Yue&Cheung,2000）.Undersuchcircumstances,identificationwithsomeadultsorpeeridolsenablesadolescentstoseekinformationorvaluesandtopreparethemselvesforanadultrole（Erikson,1964;1968）.Despitethisimportantphenomenon,researchonidolizationbehaviorislacking（Cheng,1997;Yue&Cheung,2000）.

Thereareseveralreasonswhyitmaybeimportanttostudycelebrityidolization（Engle&Kasser,2005）.First,theidentityofadolescentsispartiallyconstructedbyinteractingwithpopularmediaandcelebrities.AsperSteeleandBrown's（1995）conclusionthatmediaactivitiesareimportantdeterminantsofadolescents'cognitionsandbehaviorsandthatmediaaresometimesevenusedtoregulatemood,itisnecessarytounderstandwhyandhowidolizationformsinadolescents.Second,idolizationisanavenuebywhichtheyexploreromanticviewsandattitudestowardinterpersonalrelationships,especiallyforgirls.Karniol（2001）suggestedthatidolizationmayaffectthetypesofrelationshipstheyform.Third,idolizationmaybeinvolvedinasubject'swell-being.Forinstance,Cheng（1997）foundthatcelebrityfanclubmembersinHongKongreportedlowerself-esteemthandidnon-fanclubmembers.Finally,idolizationisclearlyrelevanttotheeconomicbehaviorofadolescents.

StudiesonidolizationinChinesesocietiesareequallyrareandhavebeenmostlyconductedinHongKong（So&Chan,1992;Wong&Ma,1997;Chan,Cheung,Lee,Leung,&Liu,1998;Cheung&Yue,1999;Yue&Cheung,2000;seealsoYue&Cheung,2000forareview）.ThepurposeofthisstudyistoclarifythesocialorpersonalityattributesofanidolandamodelasperceivedbyadolescentsinaChinesesociety—Taiwan.ThisexploratorystudyattemptstodescribeindepththepatternsofTaiwaneseadolescents'idolworshipbehaviors.Specifically,wedelineatetheidoltraitswhichattractadolescents,examinehowadolescentsratetheirfavoriteidolsbasedonunderlyingidoltraits,andfinallyexploretherelationshipbetweenidoltraitsandadolescents'worshiplevels.

Participants

Amailsurveywasconductedofstudentsfrom13seniorhighschoolsacrossTaiwan;2,100questionnairesweremailedand1,958werereturned.Afterdeletingquestionnaireswithincompletedata,1,636wereusedforanalysis.Theresponseratewas77.9%.

Measures

Thequestionnairewasdesignedtomeasurerespondents'criteriaforchoosingfavoriteidolsandmodels.Itiscomposedofidolcharacteristics,reasonsforworship,intensityofrespondents'worshiplevels,andrespondents'characteristics.EightdichotomousitemsregardingreasonsforworshipwereaugmentedfromChiang（2003）.Theworshiplevelsweremeasuredusingthe17-item,5-pointLikerttypecelebrityworshipscale（McCutcheonetal.,2002）.ThereliabilityofthecelebrityworshipscaleestimatedwithCronbach'salphawas0.94.Theworshiplevels（McCutcheonetal.,2002）suggestthreeincreasinglyextremesetsofidolworshipbehavior:

individualisticbehaviors,socialactivities,andborderlinepathology.Asworshiplevelincreases,thesebehaviorsincreasinglyoccurtogether.Sincethecelebrityworshipconstructisbestconsideredasunidimensional,wecalculatethemeanscoreofthe17itemstorepresentrespondents'intensityofworshiplevels.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS

SampleCharacteristics

Thesampleofadolescentsiscomposedofmorefemales（83.3%）thanmales（16.7%）,andthemeanageis17yearswitharangefrom15to19.Thirty-twopercentoftheadolescentsareintheirfirstlevelofseniorhighschool,32.8%inthesecondlevel,and35.6%inthethirdlevel.Theresidentialareasofthesampleare34.2%innorthernTaiwan,32.5%incentralTaiwan,23.9%insouthernTaiwan,and9.4%ineasternTaiwan.Overall,thesampleappearstobeadequateinrepresentingTaiwaneseseniorhighschooladolescents'idoladorationbehaviors.Table1summarizesthesamplecharacteristics.

Adolescents'FavoriteIdols

Thegenderoftheadolescents'favoriteidolsismoremale（65.4%）thanfemale（34.6%）.ConsistentwithYueandCheung'sresultsinHongKong（2000）,most（66.8%）oftheselectedfavoriteidolsarecelebritiesinmediaorentertainmentfields（e.g.,actors,singers,orathletes）.Some（10.1%）arenoncelebrities（e.g.,family,friends,orteachers）,andsome（10.7%）arefictitiouscharacters（e.g.,Spiderman）,whereasfewarepoliticians（3.0%）,intellectuals（4.6%）,orentrepreneurs（4.8%）.Accordingtotheresults,adolescentstendtoworshipidolswhoareaccessibleintheirdailylives（e.g.,noncelebrities）orthroughmassmedia（e.g.,mediastarsandfictitiouscharacters）.Astothereasonsforidolization,"Good-looking"waschosenmost（41.4%）,while"rich"wastheleast（9.0%）.Table2summarizestheidolcharacteristicsandreasonsforidolization.

DoesGenderMatter?

Sincethedataonidols'characteristicsshowagenderdifferenceintermsoffavorites,moreextensiveanalyseswereconducted.Resultsindicatethatthegenderofmorethanhalfoftheadolescents（55.5%）choseisoppositefromthatoftheirfavoriteidols.Table3showsthatgenderofadolescentsandidolsareassociated（x2

（1）=29.16,p<0.01）.Femaleadolescentsappeartoprefermaleidols（62.6%）tofemaleidols（37.4%）,whereasthisphenomenonisthesameformaleadolescents,whosefavoriteidolsalsoaremoremale（79.%）thanfemale（20.4%）.Ontheotherhand,maleadolescentsadoremaleidolsmore（79.6%）thandofemaleadolescents（62.6%）.

Wenextanalyzedtheassociationbetweenadolescents'genderandthetypesoffavoriteidols.AsshowninTable4,whentheidolisfemale,adolescents'genderandidoltypesarenotassociated（x2（5）=1.32,p>0.5）.However,whentheidolismale（seeTable5）,adolescents'genderissignificantlyrelatedtotheidoltypes（x2（5）=27.54,p<0.01）.Table5showsthatfemaleadolescentsworshipmoremalemediastars（69.2%）thandomales（51.8%）.Bycontrast,maleadolescentsworshipmoremalepoliticians（7.3%）andmorefictitiouscharacters（19.3%）thandofemales（2.8%forpoliticiansand13.1%forfictitiouscharacters）.

Overall,theresultisinlinewiththatofRavivetal.（1996）—thatmostofthemaleandfemaleadolescentschooseamalemediastarastheirfavoriteratherthanafemaleandratherthanothertypesofidols.Despitetheconsistencybetweenmaleandfemaleadolescents'selections,thepsychologicalprocessesaresupposedtobedistinctfromeachother.Thefindingsforthefemalemightbeduetothefactthatmalemediastarsprovideasafeandconvenientromanticattachmentforfemaleadolescents（Adams-Price&Greene,1990;Karniol,2001）,whereasidentificationattachmentaccountsformales'worshipofmalemediastars（Adams-Price&Greene,1990）.Furthermore,whenconsideringtheabsolutenumbersinTables4and5,wefoundonly21femalefictitiousidols（vs.154malefictitiousidols）andonly9femalepoliticians（vs.40malepoliticians）.Thedifferencesmayreflectgenderinequalityinthevirtualworldandinthepoliticalfield.

UnderlyingIdolTraitsthatAttractAdolescents

Becausethereareeightcausesforworshippingidols,thenextanalysisrevealedthemajordimensionsofvariationbetweenthesereasonsforworship.Wedefinedthedichotomousitemsofreasonstoworshipasordinalandthusappliedcategoricalprincipalcomponentsanalysisforquantifyingtheobservedreasons.Table6summarizestheresults.Fourmeaningfuldimensions,accountingfor69%ofthevariance,werer