崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究毕业论文外文翻译.docx

1、崇拜的动力对青少年偶像崇拜行为的探索性研究 毕业论文外文翻译英文文献及翻译IMPETUS FOR WORSHIP: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS IDOL ADORATION BEHAVIORS INTRODUCTION The objective of this article is to explore the idolization behaviors of Taiwanese adolescents. The study gathered 1,636 questionnaires from 13 senior high schools acro

2、ss northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. The results indicate that adolescents gender correlates with the idol type they choose to adore when the idol is male. This study summarizes exterior, interior, wealth, and athlete as four underlying idol traits attracting adolescents. Various type

3、s of idols are considered to be significantly different on these four traits. The impacts of the four traits on adolescents worship levels are nonsymmetrical. While the traits of exterior and athlete are worship facilitators, the trait of wealth is a prohibitor. By contrast, the trait of interior is

4、 neutral and has no effect on worship levels. Furthermore, adolescents are involved in higher levels of worship when the idol is a media star or is the opposite gender of the adolescent. Generally, adolescents worship levels are heightened by the illusion of a perfect idol, indicating nonrational wo

5、rship behaviors. Implications regarding the association between adolescents cognitive abilities and idols traits are discussed for future research.The phenomenon of idolization is a characteristic of adolescence. An idol is someone whose talents, achievements, status, or physical appearance are espe

6、cially recognized and appreciated by his or her fans. Since objects of idolization come from various domains of life, sport champions, movie actors/actresses, television personalities, pop stars, and political or religious leaders can all be idolized figures (Raviv, Bar-tal, Raviv, & Ben-Horn, 1996)

7、. Idolization can take many different forms. From extreme cases of suicides and skipping lessons to catch a glimpse of their idols to listening to CDs casually every now and then, adolescents show their devotion and admiration of their idols in various different ways (McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran, 20

8、02).Psychologists believe that during adolescents transition to adulthood they form strong attachments to figures around them as they search for their own identity (Greene & Adams-Price, 1990; Raviv et al., 1996; Yue & Cheung, 2000). Under such circumstances, identification with some adults or peer

9、idols enables adolescents to seek information or values and to prepare themselves for an adult role (Erikson, 1964; 1968). Despite this important phenomenon, research on idolization behavior is lacking (Cheng, 1997; Yue & Cheung, 2000).There are several reasons why it may be important to study celeb

10、rity idolization (Engle & Kasser, 2005). First, the identity of adolescents is partially constructed by interacting with popular media and celebrities. As per Steele and Browns (1995) conclusion that media activities are important determinants of adolescents cognitions and behaviors and that media a

11、re sometimes even used to regulate mood, it is necessary to understand why and how idolization forms in adolescents. Second, idolization is an avenue by which they explore romantic views and attitudes toward interpersonal relationships, especially for girls. Karniol (2001) suggested that idolization

12、 may affect the types of relationships they form. Third, idolization may be involved in a subjects well-being. For instance, Cheng (1997) found that celebrity fan club members in Hong Kong reported lower self-esteem than did non-fan club members. Finally, idolization is clearly relevant to the econo

13、mic behavior of adolescents.Studies on idolization in Chinese societies are equally rare and have been mostly conducted in Hong Kong (So & Chan, 1992; Wong & Ma, 1997; Chan, Cheung, Lee, Leung, & Liu, 1998; Cheung & Yue, 1999; Yue & Cheung, 2000; see also Yue & Cheung, 2000 for a review). The purpos

14、e of this study is to clarify the social or personality attributes of an idol and a model as perceived by adolescents in a Chinese society Taiwan. This exploratory study attempts to describe in depth the patterns of Taiwanese adolescents idol worship behaviors. Specifically, we delineate the idol tr

15、aits which attract adolescents, examine how adolescents rate their favorite idols based on underlying idol traits, and finally explore the relationship between idol traits and adolescents worship levels.Participants A mail survey was conducted of students from 13 senior high schools across Taiwan; 2

16、,100 questionnaires were mailed and 1,958 were returned. After deleting questionnaires with incomplete data, 1,636 were used for analysis. The response rate was 77.9%.Measures The questionnaire was designed to measure respondents criteria for choosing favorite idols and models. It is composed of ido

17、l characteristics, reasons for worship, intensity of respondents worship levels, and respondents characteristics. Eight dichotomous items regarding reasons for worship were augmented from Chiang (2003). The worship levels were measured using the 17-item, 5-point Likert type celebrity worship scale (

18、McCutcheon et al., 2002). The reliability of the celebrity worship scale estimated with Cronbachs alpha was 0.94. The worship levels (McCutcheon et al., 2002) suggest three increasingly extreme sets of idol worship behavior: individualistic behaviors, social activities, and borderline pathology. As

19、worship level increases, these behaviors increasingly occur together. Since the celebrity worship construct is best considered as unidimensional, we calculate the mean score of the 17 items to represent respondents intensity of worship levels.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Sample Characteristics The sample

20、 of adolescents is composed of more females (83.3%) than males (16.7%), and the mean age is 17 years with a range from 15 to 19. Thirty-two percent of the adolescents are in their first level of senior high school, 32.8% in the second level, and 35.6% in the third level. The residential areas of the

21、 sample are 34.2% in northern Taiwan, 32.5% in central Taiwan, 23.9% in southern Taiwan, and 9.4% in eastern Taiwan. Overall, the sample appears to be adequate in representing Taiwanese senior high school adolescents idol adoration behaviors. Table 1 summarizes the sample characteristics.Adolescents

22、 Favorite Idols The gender of the adolescents favorite idols is more male (65.4%) than female (34.6%). Consistent with Yue and Cheungs results in Hong Kong (2000), most (66.8%) of the selected favorite idols are celebrities in media or entertainment fields (e.g., actors, singers, or athletes). Some

23、(10.1%) are noncelebrities (e.g., family, friends, or teachers), and some (10.7%) are fictitious characters (e.g., Spiderman), whereas few are politicians (3.0%), intellectuals (4.6%), or entrepreneurs (4.8%). According to the results, adolescents tend to worship idols who are accessible in their da

24、ily lives (e.g., noncelebrities) or through mass media (e.g., media stars and fictitious characters). As to the reasons for idolization, Good-looking was chosen most (41.4%), while rich was the least (9.0%). Table 2 summarizes the idol characteristics and reasons for idolization.Does Gender Matter?

25、Since the data on idols characteristics show a gender difference in terms of favorites, more extensive analyses were conducted. Results indicate that the gender of more than half of the adolescents (55.5%) chose is opposite from that of their favorite idols. Table 3 shows that gender of adolescents

26、and idols are associated (x2( 1) = 29.16, p 0.5). However, when the idol is male (see Table 5), adolescents gender is significantly related to the idol types (x2( 5) = 27.54, p 0.01). Table 5 shows that female adolescents worship more male media stars (69.2%) than do males (51.8%). By contrast, male

27、 adolescents worship more male politicians (7.3%) and more fictitious characters (19.3%) than do females (2.8% for politicians and 13.1% for fictitious characters).Overall, the result is in line with that of Raviv et al. (1996) that most of the male and female adolescents choose a male media star as

28、 their favorite rather than a female and rather than other types of idols. Despite the consistency between male and female adolescents selections, the psychological processes are supposed to be distinct from each other. The findings for the female might be due to the fact that male media stars provi

29、de a safe and convenient romantic attachment for female adolescents (Adams-Price & Greene, 1990; Karniol, 2001), whereas identification attachment accounts for males worship of male media stars (Adams-Price & Greene, 1990). Furthermore, when considering the absolute numbers in Tables 4 and 5, we fou

30、nd only 21 female fictitious idols (vs. 154 male fictitious idols) and only 9 female politicians (vs. 40 male politicians). The differences may reflect gender inequality in the virtual world and in the political field.Underlying Idol Traits that Attract Adolescents Because there are eight causes for

31、 worshipping idols, the next analysis revealed the major dimensions of variation between these reasons for worship. We defined the dichotomous items of reasons to worship as ordinal and thus applied categorical principal components analysis for quantifying the observed reasons. Table 6 summarizes the results. Four meaningful dimensions, accounting for 69% of the variance, were r