语言学复习.docx

语言学复习.docx

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语言学复习

ChapterOne

1.语言学的主要分支是什么。

每个分支的研究对象是什么？

Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:

Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy

Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication

Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication

Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords

Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse

Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Ina

narrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

2.现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.

3.什么叫共时研究？

什么叫历时研究？

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime

4.人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？

1）Arbitrariness

Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.

3）Duality

Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

4）Displacement

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

5）Culturaltransmission

Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgenetically

transmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.

5.Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceand

performance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistohaphazard.

6.Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的？

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthe

setofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseofthe

conventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

ChapterTwo

7.语言交际的两大媒介是什么？

哪一个是基本的交际媒介？

为什么？

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.

8.语音学的三个分支是什么。

它们研究的对象各是什么？

Articulatoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichtheespeechsoundsareproduced.

Acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.

Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.

9.什么叫浊音化？

它是如何形成的？

Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheldtogethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.

10.宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别？

Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11.英语的辅音是如何分类的？

1）byplaceofarticulation:

a.bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]b.labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]c.dentalsuchas[θ],[T]

d.alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]e.palatalsuchas[∫],[V],[t∫],[dV],[j]

f.velarsuchas[k],[g],[N]g.glottalsuchas[h]

2）bymannerofarticulation.

a.Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]b.Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[T],[∫],[V],[h]

c.Afficatessuchas[t∫],[dV]d.Liquidssuchas[l],[r]e.Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[N]

f.Glidessuchas[w],[j]

12.英语的元音是如何分类的？

1）Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:

][i][e][A][a],centralvowelssuchas[\:

],

[[],[Q]andbackvowelssuchas[u:

][J][C:

]and[B:

]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.

2）Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:

closevowelssuchas[i:

],[i],[u:

],[J],semi-closevowelssuchas[e],[з:

],semi-openvowelssuchas[[],[C:

],andopenvowelssuchas[æ],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:

].

3）Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.

4）TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsinclude[i:

][\:

][C:

][u:

][ɑ:

]，whiletherestareshortvowels.

13.语音学和音系学有什么区别？

Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:

howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

14.音素、音位和音位变体有什么区别？

Phonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.;somedo,somedon’t.Aphonemeisabasicunitinphonology;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotasound,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Inactualspeech,aphonemeisrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

15.什么是超音位特征？

它是如何影响语义的？

1）ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompundnounaaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementa