OWL Web Ontology Language.docx
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OWLWebOntologyLanguage
OWLWebOntologyLanguage
Guide
W3CRecommendation10February2004
NewVersionAvailable:
OWL2(DocumentStatusUpdate,12November2009)
TheOWLWorkingGrouphasproducedaW3CRecommendationforanewversionofOWLwhichaddsfeaturestothis2004version,whileremainingcompatible.PleaseseeOWL2DocumentOverviewforanintroductiontoOWL2andaguidetotheOWL2documentset.
Thisversion:
http:
//www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/
Latestversion:
http:
//www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/
Previousversion:
http:
//www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-guide-20031215/
Editors:
MichaelK.Smith,ElectronicDataSystems,
ChrisWelty,IBMResearch,
DeborahL.McGuinness,StanfordUniversity,
Pleaserefertotheerrataforthisdocument,whichmayincludesomenormativecorrections.
Seealsotranslations.
Copyright©2004W3C®(MIT,ERCIM,Keio),AllRightsReserved.W3Cliability,trademark,documentuseandsoftwarelicensingrulesapply.
Abstract
TheWorldWideWebasitiscurrentlyconstitutedresemblesapoorlymappedgeography.Ourinsightintothedocumentsandcapabilitiesavailablearebasedonkeywordsearches,abettedbycleveruseofdocumentconnectivityandusagepatterns.Thesheermassofthisdataisunmanageablewithoutpowerfultoolsupport.Inordertomapthisterrainmoreprecisely,computationalagentsrequiremachine-readabledescriptionsofthecontentandcapabilitiesofWebaccessibleresources.Thesedescriptionsmustbeinadditiontothehuman-readableversionsofthatinformation.
TheOWLWebOntologyLanguageisintendedtoprovidealanguagethatcanbeusedtodescribetheclassesandrelationsbetweenthemthatareinherentinWebdocumentsandapplications.
ThisdocumentdemonstratestheuseoftheOWLlanguageto
1.formalizeadomainbydefiningclassesandpropertiesofthoseclasses,
2.defineindividualsandassertpropertiesaboutthem,and
3.reasonabouttheseclassesandindividualstothedegreepermittedbytheformalsemanticsoftheOWLlanguage.
Thesectionsareorganizedtopresentanincrementaldefinitionofasetofclasses,propertiesandindividuals,beginningwiththefundamentalsandproceedingtomorecomplexlanguagecomponents.
StatusofThisDocument
ThisdocumenthasbeenreviewedbyW3CMembersandotherinterestedparties,andithasbeenendorsedbytheDirectorasaW3CRecommendation.W3C'sroleinmakingtheRecommendationistodrawattentiontothespecificationandtopromoteitswidespreaddeployment.ThisenhancesthefunctionalityandinteroperabilityoftheWeb.
ThisisoneofsixpartsoftheW3CRecommendationforOWL,theWebOntologyLanguage.IthasbeendevelopedbytheWebOntologyWorkingGroupaspartoftheW3CSemanticWebActivity(ActivityStatement,GroupCharter)forpublicationon10February2004.
ThedesignofOWLexpressedinearlierversionsofthesedocumentshasbeenwidelyreviewedandsatisfiestheWorkingGroup'stechnicalrequirements.TheWorkingGrouphasaddressedallcommentsreceived,makingchangesasnecessary.ChangestothisdocumentsincetheProposedRecommendationversionaredetailedinthechangelog.
Commentsarewelcomeatpublic-webont-comments@w3.org(archive)andgeneraldiscussionofrelatedtechnologyiswelcomeatwww-rdf-logic@w3.org(archive).
Alistofimplementationsisavailable.
TheW3Cmaintainsalistofanypatentdisclosuresrelatedtothiswork.
Thissectiondescribesthestatusofthisdocumentatthetimeofitspublication.Otherdocumentsmaysupersedethisdocument.AlistofcurrentW3CpublicationsandthelatestrevisionofthistechnicalreportcanbefoundintheW3Ctechnicalreportsindexathttp:
//www.w3.org/TR/.
Contents
∙Abstract
∙StatusofThisDocument
∙Contents
∙1.Introduction
o1.1.TheSpeciesofOWL
o1.2.StructureoftheDocument
∙2.TheStructureofOntologies
o2.1.Namespaces
o2.2.OntologyHeaders
o2.3.DataAggregationandPrivacy
∙3.BasicElements
o3.1.SimpleClassesandIndividuals
▪3.1.1.SimpleNamedClasses
▪3.1.2.Individuals
▪3.1.3.DesignforUse
o3.2.SimpleProperties
▪3.2.1.DefiningProperties
▪3.2.2.PropertiesandDatatypes
▪3.2.3.PropertiesofIndividuals
o3.3.PropertyCharacteristics
▪3.3.1.TransitiveProperty
▪3.3.2.SymmetricProperty
▪3.3.3.FunctionalProperty
▪3.3.4.inverseOf
▪3.3.5.InverseFunctionalProperty
o3.4.PropertyRestrictions
▪3.4.1.allValuesFrom,someValuesFrom
▪3.4.2.Cardinality
▪3.4.3.hasValue
∙4.OntologyMapping
o4.1.EquivalencebetweenClassesandProperties
o4.2.IdentitybetweenIndividuals
o4.3.DifferentIndividuals
∙5.ComplexClasses
o5.1.SetOperators
o5.2.EnumeratedClasses
o5.3.DisjointClasses
∙6.OntologyVersioning
∙7.UsageExamples
o7.1.WinePortal
o7.2.WineAgent
∙Acknowledgements
∙OWLGlossary
∙TermIndexandCrossReference
∙References
∙AppendixA:
XML+RDFBasics
∙AppendixB:
History
∙AppendixC:
ChangeLogSinceLastCallRelease
1.Introduction
"TellmewhatwinesIshouldbuytoservewitheachcourseofthefollowingmenu.And,bytheway,Idon'tlikeSauternes."
ItwouldbedifficulttodaytoconstructaWebagentthatwouldbecapableofperformingasearchforwinesontheWebthatsatisfiedthisquery.Similarly,consideractuallyassigningasoftwareagentthetaskofmakingacoherentsetoftravelarrangements.(FormoreusecasesseetheOWLrequirementsdocument.)
Tosupportthissortofcomputation,itisnecessarytogobeyondkeywordsandspecifythemeaningoftheresourcesdescribedontheWeb.Thisadditionallayerofinterpretationcapturesthesemanticsofthedata.
TheOWLWebOntologoyLanguageisalanguagefordefiningandinstantiatingWebontologies.Ontologyisatermborrowedfromphilosophythatreferstothescienceofdescribingthekindsofentitiesintheworldandhowtheyarerelated.AnOWLontologymayincludedescriptionsofclasses,propertiesandtheirinstances.Givensuchanontology,theOWLformalsemanticsspecifieshowtoderiveitslogicalconsequences,i.e.factsnotliterallypresentintheontology,butentailedbythesemantics.TheseentailmentsmaybebasedonasingledocumentormultipledistributeddocumentsthathavebeencombinedusingdefinedOWLmechanisms.
ThisdocumentisonecomponentofthedescriptionofOWL,theWebOntologyLanguage,beingproducedbytheW3CWebOntologyWorkingGroup(WebOnt).TheDocumentRoadmapsectionoftheOverview([Overview],1.1)describeseachofthedifferentpartsandhowtheyfittogether.
OnequestionthatcomesupwhendescribingyetanotherXML/Webstandardis"WhatdoesthisbuymethatXMLandXMLSchemadon't?
"Therearetwoanswerstothisquestion.
∙AnontologydiffersfromanXMLschemainthatitisaknowledgerepresentation,notamessageformat.MostindustrybasedWebstandardsconsistofacombinationofmessageformatsandprotocolspecifications.Theseformatshavebeengivenanoperationalsemantics,suchas,"UponreceiptofthisPurchaseOrdermessage,transferAmountdollarsfromAccountFromtoAccountToandshipProduct."Butthespecificationisnotdesignedtosupportreasoningoutsidethetransactioncontext.Forexample,wewon'tingeneralhaveamechanismtoconcludethatbecausetheProductisatypeofChardonnayitmustalsobeawhitewine.
∙OneadvantageofOWLontologieswillbetheavailabilityoftoolsthatcanreasonaboutthem.Toolswillprovidegenericsupportthatisnotspecifictotheparticularsubjectdomain,whichwouldbethecaseifoneweretobuildasystemtoreasonaboutaspecificindustry-standardXMLschema.Buildingasoundandusefulreasoningsystemisnotasimpleeffort.Constructinganontologyismuchmoretractable.Itisourexpectationthatmanygroupswillembarkonontologyconstruction.TheywillbenefitfromthirdpartytoolsbasedontheformalpropertiesoftheOWLlanguage,toolsthatwilldeliveranassortmentofcapabilitiesthatmostorganizationswouldbehardpressedtoduplicate.
1.1.TheSpeciesofOWL
TheOWLlanguageprovidesthreeincreasinglyexpressivesublanguagesdesignedforusebyspecificcommunitiesofimplementersandusers.
∙OWLLitesupportsthoseusersprimarilyneedingaclassificationhierarchyandsimpleconstraintfeatures.Forexample,whileOWLLitesupportscardinalityconstraints,itonlypermitscardinalityvaluesof0or1.ItshouldbesimplertoprovidetoolsupportforOWLLitethanitsmoreexpressiverelatives,andprovideaquickmigrationpathforthesauriandothertaxonomies.
∙OWLDLsupportsthoseuserswhowantthemaximumexpressivenesswithoutlosingcomputationalcompleteness(allentailmentsareguaranteedtobecomputed)anddecidability(allcomputationswillfinishinfinitetime)ofreasoningsystems.OWLDLincludesallOWLlanguageconstructswithrestrictionssuchastypeseparation(aclasscannotalsobeanindividualorproperty,apropertycannotalsobeanindividualorclass).OWLDLissonamedduetoitscorrespondencewithdescriptionlogics[DescriptionLogics],afieldofresearchthathasstudiedaparticulardecidablefragmentoffirstorderlogic.OWLDLwasdesignedtosupporttheexistingDescriptionLogicbusinesssegmentandhasdesirablecomputationalpropertiesforreasoningsystems.
∙OWLFullismeantforuserswhowantmaximumexpressivenessandthesyntacticfreedomofRDFwithnocomputationalguarantees.Forexample,inOWLFullaclasscanbetreatedsimultaneouslyasacollectionofindividualsandasanindividualinitsownright.AnothersignificantdifferencefromOWLDListhataowl:
DatatypePropertycanbemarkedasanowl:
InverseFunctionalProperty.OWLFullallowsanontologytoaugmentthemeaningofthepre-de