OWL Web Ontology Language.docx

OWL Web Ontology Language.docx

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OWLWebOntologyLanguage

OWLWebOntologyLanguage

Guide

W3CRecommendation10February2004

NewVersionAvailable:

OWL2（DocumentStatusUpdate,12November2009）

TheOWLWorkingGrouphasproducedaW3CRecommendationforanewversionofOWLwhichaddsfeaturestothis2004version,whileremainingcompatible.PleaseseeOWL2DocumentOverviewforanintroductiontoOWL2andaguidetotheOWL2documentset.

Thisversion:

http:

//www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/

Latestversion:

http:

//www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/

Previousversion:

http:

//www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-guide-20031215/

Editors:

MichaelK.Smith,ElectronicDataSystems,

ChrisWelty,IBMResearch,

DeborahL.McGuinness,StanfordUniversity,

Pleaserefertotheerrataforthisdocument,whichmayincludesomenormativecorrections.

Seealsotranslations.

Copyright©2004W3C®（MIT,ERCIM,Keio）,AllRightsReserved.W3Cliability,trademark,documentuseandsoftwarelicensingrulesapply.

Abstract

TheWorldWideWebasitiscurrentlyconstitutedresemblesapoorlymappedgeography.Ourinsightintothedocumentsandcapabilitiesavailablearebasedonkeywordsearches,abettedbycleveruseofdocumentconnectivityandusagepatterns.Thesheermassofthisdataisunmanageablewithoutpowerfultoolsupport.Inordertomapthisterrainmoreprecisely,computationalagentsrequiremachine-readabledescriptionsofthecontentandcapabilitiesofWebaccessibleresources.Thesedescriptionsmustbeinadditiontothehuman-readableversionsofthatinformation.

TheOWLWebOntologyLanguageisintendedtoprovidealanguagethatcanbeusedtodescribetheclassesandrelationsbetweenthemthatareinherentinWebdocumentsandapplications.

ThisdocumentdemonstratestheuseoftheOWLlanguageto

1.formalizeadomainbydefiningclassesandpropertiesofthoseclasses,

2.defineindividualsandassertpropertiesaboutthem,and

3.reasonabouttheseclassesandindividualstothedegreepermittedbytheformalsemanticsoftheOWLlanguage.

Thesectionsareorganizedtopresentanincrementaldefinitionofasetofclasses,propertiesandindividuals,beginningwiththefundamentalsandproceedingtomorecomplexlanguagecomponents.

StatusofThisDocument

ThisdocumenthasbeenreviewedbyW3CMembersandotherinterestedparties,andithasbeenendorsedbytheDirectorasaW3CRecommendation.W3C'sroleinmakingtheRecommendationistodrawattentiontothespecificationandtopromoteitswidespreaddeployment.ThisenhancesthefunctionalityandinteroperabilityoftheWeb.

ThisisoneofsixpartsoftheW3CRecommendationforOWL,theWebOntologyLanguage.IthasbeendevelopedbytheWebOntologyWorkingGroupaspartoftheW3CSemanticWebActivity（ActivityStatement,GroupCharter）forpublicationon10February2004.

ThedesignofOWLexpressedinearlierversionsofthesedocumentshasbeenwidelyreviewedandsatisfiestheWorkingGroup'stechnicalrequirements.TheWorkingGrouphasaddressedallcommentsreceived,makingchangesasnecessary.ChangestothisdocumentsincetheProposedRecommendationversionaredetailedinthechangelog.

Commentsarewelcomeatpublic-webont-comments@w3.org（archive）andgeneraldiscussionofrelatedtechnologyiswelcomeatwww-rdf-logic@w3.org（archive）.

Alistofimplementationsisavailable.

TheW3Cmaintainsalistofanypatentdisclosuresrelatedtothiswork.

Thissectiondescribesthestatusofthisdocumentatthetimeofitspublication.Otherdocumentsmaysupersedethisdocument.AlistofcurrentW3CpublicationsandthelatestrevisionofthistechnicalreportcanbefoundintheW3Ctechnicalreportsindexathttp:

//www.w3.org/TR/.

Contents

∙Abstract

∙StatusofThisDocument

∙Contents

∙1.Introduction

o1.1.TheSpeciesofOWL

o1.2.StructureoftheDocument

∙2.TheStructureofOntologies

o2.1.Namespaces

o2.2.OntologyHeaders

o2.3.DataAggregationandPrivacy

∙3.BasicElements

o3.1.SimpleClassesandIndividuals

▪3.1.1.SimpleNamedClasses

▪3.1.2.Individuals

▪3.1.3.DesignforUse

o3.2.SimpleProperties

▪3.2.1.DefiningProperties

▪3.2.2.PropertiesandDatatypes

▪3.2.3.PropertiesofIndividuals

o3.3.PropertyCharacteristics

▪3.3.1.TransitiveProperty

▪3.3.2.SymmetricProperty

▪3.3.3.FunctionalProperty

▪3.3.4.inverseOf

▪3.3.5.InverseFunctionalProperty

o3.4.PropertyRestrictions

▪3.4.1.allValuesFrom,someValuesFrom

▪3.4.2.Cardinality

▪3.4.3.hasValue

∙4.OntologyMapping

o4.1.EquivalencebetweenClassesandProperties

o4.2.IdentitybetweenIndividuals

o4.3.DifferentIndividuals

∙5.ComplexClasses

o5.1.SetOperators

o5.2.EnumeratedClasses

o5.3.DisjointClasses

∙6.OntologyVersioning

∙7.UsageExamples

o7.1.WinePortal

o7.2.WineAgent

∙Acknowledgements

∙OWLGlossary

∙TermIndexandCrossReference

∙References

∙AppendixA:

XML+RDFBasics

∙AppendixB:

History

∙AppendixC:

ChangeLogSinceLastCallRelease

1.Introduction

"TellmewhatwinesIshouldbuytoservewitheachcourseofthefollowingmenu.And,bytheway,Idon'tlikeSauternes."

ItwouldbedifficulttodaytoconstructaWebagentthatwouldbecapableofperformingasearchforwinesontheWebthatsatisfiedthisquery.Similarly,consideractuallyassigningasoftwareagentthetaskofmakingacoherentsetoftravelarrangements.（FormoreusecasesseetheOWLrequirementsdocument.）

Tosupportthissortofcomputation,itisnecessarytogobeyondkeywordsandspecifythemeaningoftheresourcesdescribedontheWeb.Thisadditionallayerofinterpretationcapturesthesemanticsofthedata.

TheOWLWebOntologoyLanguageisalanguagefordefiningandinstantiatingWebontologies.Ontologyisatermborrowedfromphilosophythatreferstothescienceofdescribingthekindsofentitiesintheworldandhowtheyarerelated.AnOWLontologymayincludedescriptionsofclasses,propertiesandtheirinstances.Givensuchanontology,theOWLformalsemanticsspecifieshowtoderiveitslogicalconsequences,i.e.factsnotliterallypresentintheontology,butentailedbythesemantics.TheseentailmentsmaybebasedonasingledocumentormultipledistributeddocumentsthathavebeencombinedusingdefinedOWLmechanisms.

ThisdocumentisonecomponentofthedescriptionofOWL,theWebOntologyLanguage,beingproducedbytheW3CWebOntologyWorkingGroup（WebOnt）.TheDocumentRoadmapsectionoftheOverview（[Overview],1.1）describeseachofthedifferentpartsandhowtheyfittogether.

OnequestionthatcomesupwhendescribingyetanotherXML/Webstandardis"WhatdoesthisbuymethatXMLandXMLSchemadon't?

"Therearetwoanswerstothisquestion.

∙AnontologydiffersfromanXMLschemainthatitisaknowledgerepresentation,notamessageformat.MostindustrybasedWebstandardsconsistofacombinationofmessageformatsandprotocolspecifications.Theseformatshavebeengivenanoperationalsemantics,suchas,"UponreceiptofthisPurchaseOrdermessage,transferAmountdollarsfromAccountFromtoAccountToandshipProduct."Butthespecificationisnotdesignedtosupportreasoningoutsidethetransactioncontext.Forexample,wewon'tingeneralhaveamechanismtoconcludethatbecausetheProductisatypeofChardonnayitmustalsobeawhitewine.

∙OneadvantageofOWLontologieswillbetheavailabilityoftoolsthatcanreasonaboutthem.Toolswillprovidegenericsupportthatisnotspecifictotheparticularsubjectdomain,whichwouldbethecaseifoneweretobuildasystemtoreasonaboutaspecificindustry-standardXMLschema.Buildingasoundandusefulreasoningsystemisnotasimpleeffort.Constructinganontologyismuchmoretractable.Itisourexpectationthatmanygroupswillembarkonontologyconstruction.TheywillbenefitfromthirdpartytoolsbasedontheformalpropertiesoftheOWLlanguage,toolsthatwilldeliveranassortmentofcapabilitiesthatmostorganizationswouldbehardpressedtoduplicate.

1.1.TheSpeciesofOWL

TheOWLlanguageprovidesthreeincreasinglyexpressivesublanguagesdesignedforusebyspecificcommunitiesofimplementersandusers.

∙OWLLitesupportsthoseusersprimarilyneedingaclassificationhierarchyandsimpleconstraintfeatures.Forexample,whileOWLLitesupportscardinalityconstraints,itonlypermitscardinalityvaluesof0or1.ItshouldbesimplertoprovidetoolsupportforOWLLitethanitsmoreexpressiverelatives,andprovideaquickmigrationpathforthesauriandothertaxonomies.

∙OWLDLsupportsthoseuserswhowantthemaximumexpressivenesswithoutlosingcomputationalcompleteness（allentailmentsareguaranteedtobecomputed）anddecidability（allcomputationswillfinishinfinitetime）ofreasoningsystems.OWLDLincludesallOWLlanguageconstructswithrestrictionssuchastypeseparation（aclasscannotalsobeanindividualorproperty,apropertycannotalsobeanindividualorclass）.OWLDLissonamedduetoitscorrespondencewithdescriptionlogics[DescriptionLogics],afieldofresearchthathasstudiedaparticulardecidablefragmentoffirstorderlogic.OWLDLwasdesignedtosupporttheexistingDescriptionLogicbusinesssegmentandhasdesirablecomputationalpropertiesforreasoningsystems.

∙OWLFullismeantforuserswhowantmaximumexpressivenessandthesyntacticfreedomofRDFwithnocomputationalguarantees.Forexample,inOWLFullaclasscanbetreatedsimultaneouslyasacollectionofindividualsandasanindividualinitsownright.AnothersignificantdifferencefromOWLDListhataowl:

DatatypePropertycanbemarkedasanowl:

InverseFunctionalProperty.OWLFullallowsanontologytoaugmentthemeaningofthepre-de