社会科学.docx

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社会科学.docx

社会科学

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心理学

36

Todaywe'regoingtotalkaboutshynessanddiscussrecentresearchonwaystohelpchildrenlearntointeractsocially.Manypeopleconsiderthemselvesshy.Infact,fortypercentofpeoplewhotookpartinoursurveysaidtheywereshy.That’stwooutofeveryfivepeople.Andtherearestudiestoindicatethatthetendencytowardshynessmaybeinherited.Butjustbecausecertainchildrenaretimid,doesn'tmeantheyaredoomedtobeshyforever.Therearethingsparents,teachers,andthechildrenthemselvescandotoovercomethistendencyandeventopreventit.Oneresearcherfoundthatifparentsgentlypushtheirshychildrentotrynewthings,theycanhelpthesechildrenbecomelessafraidandlessinhibited.Anotherwaytohelpshychildrenistotraintheminsocialskills.Forexample,therearespecialtraininggroupswherechildrenaretaughtthingslikelookingatotherchildrenwhiletalkingtothem,talkingaboutotherpeople'sinterests,andevensmiling.Thesegroupshavebeenverysuccessfulatgivingshychildrenaplacetofeelsafeandaccepted,andatbuildinguptheirself-esteem.

48

Youmightthinkthatmostofthepatientsatsleepclinicsarebeingtreatedforsleeplessness,commonlyreferredtoasinsomnia,butthatisnotthecase.Themajorityofsleep-clinicpatientssufferfromdisordersofexcessivesleep,or"hypersomnia."Whilemostinsomniacssomehowmanagetodragthemselvesthroughthedayandfunctionatacceptable,althoughnotoptimallevels,thisisnotsoforpeoplewhosufferfromhypersomnia.Theyareincapacitatedbyirresistibleurgestosleepduringtheday,oftenininappropriatesituations—atbusinessmeetings,insupermarkets,oratparties.Evenmoredangerousistheirfailuretoremainawakewhendrivingoroperatingmachinery.Fallingasleepinsuchsituationscouldobviouslybelife-threatening.Manyhypersomniacssufferfromnarcolepsy,forwhichtheprimarysymptomisexcessivedaytimesleepiness.Thoughnotapparentinchildhood,thissymptommostoftenappearsforthefirsttimeduringtheteenyearsandcontinuesthroughoutaperson'slife.Thesleepattacksmayoccurasmanyasfifteentotwentytimesduringthecourseofthedayandlastforperiodsfromfifteenminutesuptotwohours.Whatcanbedonetohelpthosesufferingfromnarcolepsy?

Therearecertaindrugsthatcanhelp,andspecialistssuggestvoluntarynappingtodecreasethefrequencyofsuchsleepattacks.

76

Didyoueverwonderwhyitisthatmostpeopleare"programmed"tosleepatnightinsteadofduringtheday?

Ifthere'ssomethingaboutthecycleoflightanddarkthat'stellinguswhentosleep,thenshouldn'tthesleepcycleofablindpersonbedifferent?

Asitturnsout,manyblindpeople—peoplewithnovisualperceptionoflightatall—dohavethesamesleepcycleassightedpeople.Sonowyou'rewondering,"Howcanthishappen?

"Theansweris:

hormones,onehormoneinparticular.It'scalledmelatonin.Insightedpeople,thelevelofmelatoningoesupatnight,orwhenit'sdark,andgoesdownintheday,orwhenit'slight.It'sbelievedthatit'sthepresenceofthishormoneinthebloodthatgivesustheurgetosleep.Ifanincreaseinmelatoninlevel"programs"sightedpeopletosleepatnight,thenwhataboutblindpeople?

Aresearcher,namedDr.CharlesCzeisler,tellsaboutaninterestingexperiment.Hetriedshiningabrightlightintotheeyesofsomeblindpeople.Whenhedidthis,henoticedthatthelevelofthemelatonininthebloodofthesesubjectswentdownjustasitwoulddoforsightedpeople.Somehow,theeyesofthesesubjects,eventhoughtheyweredamagedandhadnovisualperceptionoflight,couldtelltheirbrainwhentherewasmoreorlesslight.Now,thisdoesn'tworkforallblindpeople;infact,mostofCzeisler'ssubjectshadnohormonalresponsetolightatall.Furtherresearchmaybeabletoexplainthissensitivitytolightintermsofthetypeofblindnessofthesubject.

93

So,yousee,physicalillnesscanhavepsychologicalcauses.Now,wejusthavetimetointroduceanotherinterestingexampleoftheinteractionbetweenthemindandthebody,placebos.Placebos—maybeyou'veheardthemcalledsugarpills—areharmlesssubstances,notalwayssugar,thatareusedroutinelyongroupsofsickpeopleinexperiments.Theseexperimentstesttheeffectivenessofnewdrugs.Onegroupisgiventhenewdrug,theothergroupisgivenaplacebo,andtheresultsaremeasured.Asyoumightguess,someofthepeoplewhoreceivethenewdruggetbetter.Surprisingly,however,someoftheplacebogroupalsogetbetter.Why?

Well,it'saninterestingquestion,onewhichdoctorscan'tquiteanswer.Someofthegroupmayhavegottenbetterontheirown,withoutanytreatmentatall,butresearchhasshownthattheveryactoftakingamedicationthatyouthinkwillmakeyoubetter,oftendoesmakeyoufeelbetter.Haveyouevertakenanaspirinandfeltbetterinfiveminutes?

Aspirindoesn'tworkthatfast,doesit?

Basically,ifyoubelieveyouwillgetbetter,sometimesyoudo.Thehistoryofhowdoctorsandhealershaveusedthemind-bodyconnectiontocurepeopleislongandinteresting,butIseethatit'stimetoclose,soI'llhavetocoverthisinthenextclass.You'llhavetoholdyourquestionsonthistopictillthen.Beforeyougo,Ihavesomehandoutsforyouconcerningthemidtermexamsnextweek.

考古人类历史

13

So,uh...asJimsaid,JamesPolkwastheeleventhPresident,and...uh...well,myreport'saboutthenextPresident—ZacharyTaylor.Taylorwaselectedin1849.It'ssurprisingbecause...well,hewasthefirstPresidentthatdidn'thaveanypreviouspoliticalexperience.Themainreasonhewaschosenasacandidatewasbecausehewasawarhero.Inthearmy,hismencalledhim"OldRoughandReady".Iguessbecauseofhis..."roughedges."Hewaskindofbluntandhedidn'treallylooklikeamilitaryhero.Helikedtodothingslikewearcivilianclothesinsteadofauniform,eveninbattle.Andhewassoshortandplumphehadtobeliftedupontohishorse.Buthedidwinalotofbattlesandhebecamemoreandmorepopular.So,theWhigpartydecidedtonominatehimforthepresidency,eventhoughnooneknewanythingaboutwherehestoodontheissues.Icouldn'tfindmuchabouthisaccomplishments,probablybecausehewasonlyinofficeaboutayearandahalfbeforehedied.Butonething,hepushedforthedevelopmentofthetranscontinentalrailroadbecausehethoughtitwasimportanttoformalinkwiththeWestCoast.TherewasalotofwealthinCaliforniaandOregonfromcommerceandmineralsandstuff.Also,heestablishedanagriculturalbureauintheDepartmentoftheInteriorandpromotedmoregovernmentaidtoagriculture.Well,that'saboutallIfound.LikeIsaid,hediedinofficein1850,sohisVicePresidenttookover,andthat'sthenextreport,so...thankyou.

29

Today'slecturewillcenteronprehistoricpeopleoftheNevadadesert.Now,mostoftheseprehistoricdesertpeoplemovedacrossthecountrysidethroughouttheyear.Youmightthinkthattheywerewanderingaimlessly—farfromit!

Theyactuallyfollowedaseriesofcarefullyplannedmoves.Wheretheymoveddependedonwherefoodwasavailable—placeswhereplantswereripeningorfishwerespawning.Nowoftenwhenthesepeoplemoved,theycarriedalltheirpossessionsontheirbacks,butifthejourneywaslong,extrafoodandtoolsweresometimesstoredincavesorbeneathrocks.Oneofthesecavesisnowanexcitingarchaeologicalsite.Beyonditssmallopeningisahugeundergroundgrotto.Eventhoughthecave'sverylarge,itwascertainlytoodarkanddustyforthetravelerstolivein,butitwasagreatplacetohidethings,andtremendousamountsoffoodsuppliesandartifactshavebeenfoundthere.Thefoodincludesdriedfish,seeds,andnuts.Theartifactsincludestonespearpointsandknives;thespearpointsareactuallyrathersmall.Here'sapictureofsomethatwerefound.Youcanseetheirsizeinrelationtothehandsholdingthem.

35

LastweekwetalkedaboutAnneBradstreetandtheroleofwomeninthePuritancolonies.TodayIwanttotalkaboutsomeotherwomenwho'vecontributedtoAmericanhistory—somefamousandsomenot-so-famous.ThefirstwomanI'dliketotalkaboutisMollyPitcher.ThoseofyouwhoarefamiliarwiththenamemayknowherasaherooftheAmericanRevolution.But,infact,thereneverwasawomannamedMollyPitcher.HerrealnamewasactuallyMaryLudwigHays.ShegotthenicknameMollyPitcherforheractsofbraveryduringtheRevolutionaryWar.Asthestorygoes,whenMary's—orMolly's—husband,JohnHays,enlistedintheartillery,Maryfollowed,likemanyotherwivesdid.Shehelpedoutdoingwashingandcookingforthesoldiers.Shewasknowntobeaprettyunusualwoman.Shesmokedapipeandchewedtobacco.Anyway,inthesummerof1778,attheBattleofMonmouth,itwasablisteringhotday,maybeoverahundreddegrees,andfiftysoldiersdiedofthirstduringthebattle.Mollywasn'tcontenttostaybackatcamp.Instead,sheranthroughgunshotsandcannonfirecarryingwaterinpitchersfromasmallstreamouttothethirstyAmericansoldiers.ThereliefthatshebroughtwithherpitchersofwatergaveherthelegendarynicknameMollyPitcher.Thestoryalsosaysthatshecontinuedtoloadandfireherhusband'scannonafterhewaswounded.Theysayshewassowelllikedbytheothersoldiersthattheycallher"SergeantMolly."Infact,legendhasitthatGeorgeWashingtonhimselfgaveherthespecialmilitarytitle.

43

I'msurealmosteveryoneofyoulookedatyourwatchorataclockb

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