城市经济学奥沙利文Chap012.ppt

城市经济学奥沙利文Chap012.ppt

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UrbanEconomics城市城市经济学城市经济学12EducationIntroductionEducationalachievementvariesacrossspaceQualityoflocalschoolsisimportantfactorinlocationdecisionsLocaleducationinfluenceseconomicgrowth12-2SpendingandEducationalAchievementTable12-1:

Significantinterstatevariationink-12spendingTable12-2:

StudenttestScoresindifferentcountriesTable12-3:

StudentachievementinSelectedCitiesRacialachievementgapReadingproficiency:

White=43%;Black=12%Mathproficiency:

White=51%;Black=14%12-312-412-512-6Productionfunction:

Achievement=f（H,P,C,E,T）H（home）:

rulesforhomework;motivation;instructionalmaterialP（classroompeer）:

boostedbysmart&motivatedpeersSweden:

increaseP（50thto84thpct）increasesA（50thto54thpct）Tradeoffswithpeereffect:

SortingversusMixingLowachieverbenefitsatcostofhighachieverMixedevidence:

Gainsoflowvs.lossofhigh12-7DifferencesinTeacherProductivityInnercity:

Gapbetweenhigh-quality&low-qualityteacher=1gradelevelTeacherswap:

Replaceaverageteacher（50thpct）withsuperiorteacher（84thpct）Averagestudentmovesfrom50thto58thstudentpercentileEarnings（58th）-earnings（50th）=$21,311For20-studentclass,valueofsuperiorteacher=$426,00012-8CharacteristicsofProductiveTeachersListofproductivitycharacteristicsiselusiveEducationlevel:

noevidencethatgraduatecourseworkincreasesproductivityExperienceincreasesproductivityforfirstfewyearsVerbalskillsincreaseproductivity12-9EffectsofClassSizeAchievementincreasesasclasssizedecreasesFigure12-1:

EfficientnumberofteachersMarginalbenefitcurvenegativelysloped:

diminishingreturnsMarginalcostcurvehorizontalatteacherwageEfficiency:

MB=MCEvidenceMB（earnings）closetoMC12-1012-11TeacherCompensation:

ExperiencepremiumpuzzleTeachercompensationincreasesbyroughly$1,000peryearProductivitydoesntincreasewithexperienceafter3years20-yearteacherearns1.44timesasmuchasa3-yearteacherFigure12-2:

Efficientlevelofexperiencedecreasespendinginequality12-23MatchingGrants:

GuaranteedTaxBaseMatchinggrantincreaseswithamountoflocalrevenueMatchrate=0.25=$0.80oflocalrevenuegenerates$0.20grantLocalcostperdollarofspending=1/（1+m）=1/1.25=$0.80Matching&non-matchinggrantshaveincomeeffectMatchinggrantalsohassubstitutioneffect:

loweropportunitycostoflocalspendingcausessubstitutioninfavorofgrant-supportedgood12-24GuaranteedTaxBase（GTB）Grant=Localtaxrate（Guaranteedtaxbaseperpupil-Localtaxbaseperpupil）ExampleGuaranteedbase=$250,000;Localbase=$200,000Taxrate=0.02=Grant=$1,000;Localrevenue=$4,000,foratotalof$5,000Taxrate=0.025=Grant=$1,250;Localrevenue=$5,000,foratotalof$6,25012-2512-26EffectsofEqualizationPlansStatesrespondingtocourtordersDecreaseinspendinginequalitiesfromlevelingupForlow-spendingdistricts,spendingincreasedby27%Formediumspendingdistricts,spendingincreasedby15%Forhighspendingdistricts,spendingunchangedStatesnotrespondingtocourtorders:

Nosignificantchange12-27Michigan:

CompleteControlofK-12FinanceReformincreasedspendinginruraldistrictsdecreasedspendinginpoorurbanareas&richsuburbanareasReformincreasedachievementwherespendingincreasedsmallerclasssizehigherteachsalariesandproductivity12-28CentralcitiesandequalizationplansUrbanschools:

largenumberoflow-incomestudentsHighercostforsecurity,family/healthcrisesWeakacademicpreparation,limitedEnglishskillsEqualizationprograms:

relativelysmallincreaseinfundingordecreaseinfunding12-29EducationinCentralCitiesRelativelylowachievementfromunfavorablehomeenvironmentandpeersPolicy:

ImprovequalityofteachersPolicy:

DecreaseclasssizePolicy:

Improvelearningenvironment?

12-30