vitchx毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.doc

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懒惰是很奇怪的东西，它使你以为那是安逸，是休息，是福气；但实际上它所给你的是无聊，是倦怠，是消沉;它剥夺你对前途的希望，割断你和别人之间的友情，使你心胸日渐狭窄，对人生也越来越怀疑。

—罗兰

西安建筑科技大学华清学院

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译

院（系）：

经贸系

专　业：

市场营销

姓名：

许芳

学号：

（用外文写）

外文出处：

DonaldHarrisandDenis

Tallin.ContractLawTOday.1995

附件：

1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文

完成日期：

2010年3月25日

1.Brieflyoncontracts

Thelawofcontractsisconcernedwiththeenforcementofpromissoryobligations.Contractualliabilityisusuallybasedonconsentfreelygivenintheformofanexpresspromiseoroneimpliedinfactfromtheactsoftheparties.Insomecircumstances,however,thecourtswillimplyapromise（oftencalledimpliedinlaworquasicontract）inordertoavoidunjustenrichmentinspiteoflackofconsentbythepartywhoisboundbyit.

Thesubjectmatterofcontractlawcomprisescapacity,formalities,offerandacceptance,consideration,fraudandmistake,legality,interpretationandconstruction,performanceandconditionsofperformance,frustrationandimpossibility,discharge,rightsofassigneesandthirdpartybeneficiaries,andremedies.Ithas,toaveryconsiderableextent,preserveditsunitaryquality,resistingfundamentaldistinctionsbetweendifferentclassesofcontractsaccordingtoeitherthesubjectoftheagreementorthenatureoftheparties.

Accordingly,withsomeexceptions,itsprinciplesareapplicabletoagreementsonsuchvariedsubjectsasemployment,saleofgoodsorland,andinsurance,andtosuchdiversepartiesasindividuals,businessorganizations,andgovernmentalentities.

Itislargelystateratherthanfederallaw,butitdiffersusuallyonlyindetailfromonestatetoanther.Whileitisstillprimarilycaselaw,anincreasingnumberofstatutesdealwithparticularproblems.TheUniformCommercialCode,forexample,containssomespecialprovisionsontheformationofcontractsforthesaleofgoods.AndbytheTuckerActof1887,asamended,oneofthemostsignificantofthefederalstatutesinthefield,theUnitedStatesgovernmenthaswaiveditssovereignimmunityincontractactionsbyconsentingtosuitinthefederalcourts.Someruleslaiddownbystatute,andbycaselawaswell,aremandatoryorcompulsoryandcannotbeavoidedbytheparties,whileothersareimplicative,interpretative,orsuppletoryandcanbevariedbyagreement.

Acontractmaybesimplydefinedasapromiseforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,althoughtheword“contract”mayalsobeusedtorefertotheseriesofactsbywhichthepartiesexpressedtheiragreement,tothedocumentwhichtheymayhaveexecuted,ortothelegalrelationswhichhaveresulted.Notallpromiseareenforceableandseveralcriteriamustbemetbeforethelawwillgivearemedy.Twoofthemostfundamentalofthesearetherequirementofawritingandrequirementofconsideration.therequirementofawritingisimposedbystatutesoffrauds,derivedfromtheEnglishStatuteofFraudsof1677,whichhavebeenenactedthroughouttheUnitedStates.Typicallytheyprovidethat,withsomeexceptions,specifiedkindsofcontractsareunenforceableunlessevidencedbyawriting.Theyusuallycovercontractstosellgoodsofmorethanaminimumvalue,contractstosellland,contractstoanswerforthedebtofanother,andcontractsnottobeperformedwithinayear.Manyagreements,suchasmostcontractstofurnishservices,arenotincludedandareenforceableevenifthereisnowriting.AlthoughdissatisfactionhasledtotherepealofmostoftheEnglishStatuteofFraudsin1954,therehasbeennoseriousmovementforitsabolitionintheUnitedStates.

apartfromanyrequirementofawriting,apromiseisnotgenerallyenforceableintheUnitedStatesunlessitissupportedbyconsideration.Historicallyapromissorycouldmakeabindingwrittenpromise,evenwithoutconsideration,byaffixinghiswaxsealtothewriting.Butasthewaxsealwasreplacedbyapennedorprintedimitation,thesealbecameanemptyformalityanditseffectivenesshasnowbeeneliminatedoratleastgreatlydiminishedbystatestatutes.Considerationisessentiallysomethingforwhichthepromisorhasbargainedandwhichhehasreceivedinexchangeforhisownpromise.Itmaybeanotherpromisegiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasabilateralcontract,oritmaybeanactgiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasunilateralcontract.But,forexample,agratuitouspromise,includingonetopayforgoodsorserviceswhichhavealreadysupportedbyconsideration.Fortunatelythereareonlyafewsuchinstancesofbusinesspromisesinwhichtherequirementofconsiderationisnotmet.Oneofthemosttroublesomeinvolvesthe“firm”,orirrevocable,offer.TheusualruleintheUnitedStatesisthatanofferorhasthepowertorevokehi