大连海事博士英语期末考试复习资料.docx

大连海事博士英语期末考试复习资料.docx

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大连海事博士英语期末考试复习资料

Definition

一、填空

1.Literature:

asetofworks,subjects,printedmaterial,givinginformation.

2.Standard:

theresultsofformalprocesses,asetofdetailedtechnicalguidelines,themethodswidelyusedinpractice.

3.Patent:

anofficialrecordofspecificrightsawardedtoanindividualorgrouptopreventothersfromcopyingadesignforgoodsormannerofprocedureoracreativeideainventedbythatindividualorgroupforaspecifiedtime.

4.Trademark:

isawordorwords,aname,adesign,apicture,asound,oranyothersymbolthatdistinguishestheproductsofonecompanyfromthoseofothers.

5.Copyright:

isthebodyoflegalrightsthatprotectcreativeworksfrombeingreproduced,performed,displayed,ordisseminatedbyotherswithoutpermission.

6.Contract:

Anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatisenforceablebylaw,alegallyenforceableandlegallybindingagreement.

7:

Atenderdocumentisawrittenstatementofthepriceatwhichoneofferstosupplygoodsorservices,ortodosomething.

8.Aproposalisawrittenoffertosolveatechnicalprobleminaparticularway,underaspecifiedplanofmanagement,orforaspecifiedcompensation.

9.Areportisaformofcommunicationinwhichthewritergivesinformationtosomepersonororganizationbecauseitishis/herresponsibilitytodoso.

10.Aprofessionalpaperisatypewrittenpaperinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic.Itisvariouslyknownasthe“researchpaper,”“coursepaper,”“thesispaper”or“librarypaper”.

11.Conferencedocumentsareprintedmaterialsdistributedbeforeoratorafteraconference,concerningtheannouncements,arrangements,andotherinformationoftheconference,usuallymadebythesponsoringorganizationortheorganizingcommitteeoftheconference.

12.Areview,asopposedtoasurvey,shouldbeacriticalandliterallydocumentedassessmentofaworkonaspecificsubjectorinaparticularfield.

13.Index:

asystematicallyarrangedlistgivingenoughinformationabouteachitemtoenableittobeidentifiedandtraced

14:

Bibliography:

thewritingorcopyingofbooks.orscientificrecordofbooks,directoriestoaselectionofprintedmaterials,films,recordings,andmapscompiledforadefinitepurpose

二.TorF

1.Theso-calledspecialdocumentationreferstoalltheprintedmaterialsthatarenon-booksornon-periodicals.

2.atitleiscomposedofnomorethantwentywords

3.Standardsappliedtoindustrialproducts.

4.Infact,standardsaresoimportantthattheyareusuallydescribedas“intangibleassets”.

5.Patentshavealimitedtime.

6.Patentsmaybetransferredfromonepartytoanother;

7.Asarulethemerits,values,andanydeductiveapplicationsarenotallowedintheabstract.InthesectionofClaims,theauthor’snameshouldnotappear,andthereshouldbenoabbreviationsofitemnames,noranyambiguousexpressionssuchas“considerablylight,”

8.Astrongtrademarkconsistsofawordthathasnorecognizablemeaning,suchasKodak.

9.Weaktrademarksconsistofacommonword,suchasPremierorWet'nWash.

10.Atrademarkrepresentsthemanufacturer'sreputation,calledgoodwill.

10.Atrademarkcanbesoldorassigned

11.Theownerofcopyrighthastheexclusiverighttoreproduceaprotectedwork;prepareotherworksbasedontheprotectedwork;sell,rent,orlendcopiesoftheprotectedworktothepublic;performprotectedworksinpublic;anddisplaycopyrightedworkspublicly.

12.makingcopiesofbooktosellorgiveawayisillegal

13.Thisprotectionisavailabletobothpublishedandunpublishedworks.

14.Essentiallyacopyrightprotectsanintellectualorartisticproperty.Noteverythingofanartisticorintellectualnaturecanbecopyrighted.Ideas,names,andtitlesareexcepted

15.Copyrightlawforbidsunauthorizedduplicationordistributionofcomputerprograms.

16.Ownersofacopyrightmaytransfertheircopyrighttosomeoneelsethroughawrittencontract

17.Unintentionalinfringementisalsoillegalbutmaybetreatedlessharshlybythecourtthanintentionalinfringement.Willfullyviolatingacopyrightisacriminaloffense.

18.Forexample,teachersmaymakealimitednumberofcopiesofacopyrightedworkforclassroomuse.Archivesandlibrariesmaymakeonecopyofacopyrightedwork.

19.见简答第六项

20.thetenderauthoritywillsendacompletesetofinquirydocuments（全套招标文件）,knownalsoas“tenderdocuments”or“bidpackage”,tothefirmonshortlist.

21.tenderdocumentsarefree:

specifications,drawings,andtermsandconditions

22.Considerablepreparatoryworkonthepartofbiddersisinvolvedandasthetimeallowedforthesubmissionoftendersisfrequentlyshort,

23.Inquirydocumentsusuallyincludetheletterofinvitationtotender,instructionstotenderers,conditionsofcontract,specification,theformoftendersappendices.

24.Ainformalsuggestionoffersanideaandbrieflydiscussesitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.

25.Asemiformalproposalpresentsideasforresolvingaproblemorimprovingasituation,evaluatesthemagainstcertaincriteria,andoftenrecommendswhatactionshouldbetaken.

26.Aformalproposaldescribesanorganization’splansforcarryingoutalargeprojectforamajorclient,

27.200wordsareasensiblemaximumforarelativelylongpaperorreport,butnevermorethan500words;50–100wordsmaysufficeforashortarticle.Thelengthofanabstractvariesdependingonthelengthofthepaperandtheplacewhereitappears.Asageneralrule,anabstractwillbeapproximately3–5%ofthelengthofthepaper,butisseldommorethan2/3dsofapage.

28.Thisdescriptiveabstracthasseveraldesirablequalities:

itisshortandself-contained;itprovideskeyinformationelements;anditservesasaminiaturetableofcontents.

29.Aninformationalorinformativeabstracthighlightsthefindingsandresults,brieflybutquantitatively（定量的）。

30.Aninformational-indicativeabstractgivingemphasistotheauthor'schiefcontribution.

31.Thesesupportingsentences,therefore,canbetakenasthe“mainbody”ofanabstract

32.Areportmaybemadebyacommitteetoitsparentorganization.Itmaybemadebyaconsultanttoaclient.Itmaybemadebyanindividualtohis/hersuperior

33.Areportcanbeabookreview,acriticalinterpretationofsomeissueorhistoricalevent,adetailedexplanationofascientificexperiment,anargumentinfavorofapoliticalorsocialprogram,acomparisonofdifferentsetsofideas,oradescriptiveessayaboutapersonorplace.

34.Informalreportscontainingonetothreepages,includes:

incidentreports,fieldtripreports,inspectionreports,progressreports,andshortinvestigationreports,

35.Semiformalreportsrefertoreportsofthefollowingkinds:

testandlaboratoryreports,investigationorevaluationreportsandsuggestionsandproposals

36.Formalreportsreferredto:

feasibilitystudy,aninvestigationorevaluationreport,aproductanalysis,oraprojectreport.

37.Aprofessionalpaperdiffersfromothernon-professionalessaysinthatitinvolvestheuseoflibrarysourcesfromwhichfacts,quotations,andtheopinionsofothersaredrawntoexplain,support,orauthenticateideasinthepaper.

38.Thereportpaperneitherjudgesnorevaluatesthefindings,butmerelycatalogs

39.coursepapersalsocalled“termpaper.”

40.Itisparticularlyimportantinanykindofscientificinquiry;itdoesnotmatterwhoisconductingtheexperimentorinvestigation.Beingimpersonalandfreefromemotionalfactorsisoneoftheimportantfeaturesinprofessionalwriting.

41.Thefocusofprofessionalwritingisuponthedataandupontheanalysisofthedata

42.DoctorofPhilosophyistheteacherofknowledge.

43.Conferencedocumentsincludeallprintedmaterialsfromthepreparationofaconferencetothepost-conferenceproceedings.

44.Thereviewer,shouldtellwhatthebookisaboutandwhyitisjudgedtobeworthyorunworthy.Thereviewershouldalsodiscussitsmeritsanddefectsandofferajudgmentastohowwelltheauthorsucceededinaccomplishinghisorherobjectives.

45.DifferencesbetweenIndexesandBibliographieslieinthefactthattheyarefrequentlymorespecializedintheirscopeandareselectivetothepointofidentifyingthebestavailablematerial.

46.Abibliographydiffersfromalistofreferencesinthatitlistsalloftheworksthatawriterhasfoundrelevantinwritingthetext.Alistofreferences,ontheotherhand,includesonlythoseworksthatarespecificallymentionedinthetextorfromwhichaparticularquotationorpieceofinformationwastaken.

翻译

一、L,F翻译

themoonL：

月亮;F：

玉兔,月桂,婵娟,水镜；夜光

月亮L:

themoon;F:

heavenlybody,planet,secondaryplanet,planetoid;moongoddess;queenofheaven,queenofnight

ThesunL:

太阳;F:

火轮;金乌;赤玉盘；阳乌

太阳L:

thesun;F:

starofday,day-star,solardisk,solarorb;sphere,fireball,balloffire

ThinL:

瘦;F:

清癯;削减;形销骨立；皮包骨头骨头架子

瘦L:

thin,lanky,leanF:

slim;skinny;bony;skeletal

twiggy;asthinassixo’clock

fatL；胖；F:

富态胖乎乎面团团丰满；肉头大腹便便

胖L；fatF:

portly;obeseheavywell-fed;round

1） tokilltwobirdswithonestone

L:

一石二鸟

F:

一箭双雕；一举两得

2）toflogadeadhorse

L:

鞭打死马

F:

白费力；徒劳；白搭；枉然；徒然；事后再作无益的讨论

3） adropinthebucket

L:

一桶水中的一滴

F:

沧海一粟；太仓一粟；九牛一毛；微不足道；微乎其微；不足挂齿；不值一提；

4）toteachapigtoplayonaflute

L:

教猪吹笛

F:

对牛弹琴；做荒谬的事情；

5）过街老鼠

L:

（like）aratcrossingthestreet

F:

theobjectofuniversalcondemnation;abadmanhatedbyeverybody

6） 门庭若市

L:

Thecourtyardislikeamarket.

F:

amuchvisitedhouse;abusytown;bustling;crowded

7）  望梅止渴

L:

togazeatplumpstoquenchone’sthirst

F:

toconsoleoneselfwithfalsehopes;tofeedonfancies（illusion）;imaginedsatisf