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大连海事博士英语期末考试复习资料.docx

1、大连海事博士英语期末考试复习资料Definition一、填空1.Literature :a set of works, subjects, printed material, giving information.2. Standard: the results of formal processes, a set of detailed technical guidelines, the methods widely used in practice.3. Patent: an official record of specific rights awarded to an individu

2、al or group to prevent others from copying a design for goods or manner of procedure or a creative idea invented by that individual or group for a specified time.4. Trademark: is a word or words, a name, a design, a picture, a sound, or any other symbol that distinguishes the products of one company

3、 from those of others.5. Copyright: is the body of legal rights that protect creative works from being reproduced, performed, displayed, or disseminated by others without permission. 6. Contract: An agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law, a legally enforceable and legally b

4、inding agreement.7: A tender document is a written statement of the price at which one offers to supply goods or services, or to do something.8. A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.9. A

5、report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so. 10. A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously kn

6、own as the “research paper,” “course paper,” “thesis paper” or “library paper”.11. Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference, usually made by the sponsoring organizati

7、on or the organizing committee of the conference.12. A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field. 13.Index: a systematically arranged list giving enough information about each item to enable it to

8、 be identified and traced14: Bibliography: the writing or copying of books. or scientific record of books, directories to a selection of printed materials, films, recordings, and maps compiled for a definite purpose二.T or F1.The so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials tha

9、t are non-books or non-periodicals. 2.a title is composed of no more than twenty words3. Standards applied to industrial products.4.In fact, standards are so important that they are usually described as “intangible assets”.5. Patents have a limited time.6. Patents may be transferred from one party t

10、o another; 7. As a rule the merits, values, and any deductive applications are not allowed in the abstract. In the section of Claims, the authors name should not appear, and there should be no abbreviations of item names, nor any ambiguous expressions such as “considerably light,” 8.A strong tradema

11、rk consists of a word that has no recognizable meaning, such as Kodak.9. Weak trademarks consist of a common word, such as Premier or Wet n Wash.10. A trademark represents the manufacturers reputation, called good will.10. A trademark can be sold or assigned 11. The owner of copyright has the exclus

12、ive right to reproduce a protected work; prepare other works based on the protected work; sell, rent, or lend copies of the protected work to the public; perform protected works in public; and display copyrighted works publicly.12. making copies of book to sell or give away is illegal13.This protect

13、ion is available to both published and unpublished works.14.Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic property. Not everything of an artistic or intellectual nature can be copyrighted. Ideas, names, and titles are excepted15.Copyright law forbids unauthorized duplication or distri

14、bution of computer programs.16.Owners of a copyright may transfer their copyright to someone else through a written contract17.Unintentional infringement is also illegal but may be treated less harshly by the court than intentional infringement. Willfully violating a copyright is a criminal offense.

15、18. For example, teachers may make a limited number of copies of a copyrighted work for classroom use. Archives and libraries may make one copy of a copyrighted work. 19.见简答第六项20.the tender authority will send a complete set of inquiry documents(全套招标文件), known also as “tender documents” or “bid pack

16、age”, to the firm on short list.21. tender documents are free: specifications, drawings, and terms and conditions 22.Considerable preparatory work on the part of bidders is involved and as the time allowed for the submission of tenders is frequently short, 23. Inquiry documents usually include the l

17、etter of invitation to tender, instructions to tenderers, conditions of contract, specification, the form of tenders appendices.24.A informal suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses its advantages and disadvantages.25.A semiformal proposal presents ideas for resolving a problem or improving

18、a situation, evaluates them against certain criteria, and often recommends what action should be taken.26. A formal proposal describes an organizations plans for carrying out a large project for a major client, 27. 200 words are a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper or report, but never mor

19、e than 500 words; 50 100 words may suffice for a short article. The length of an abstract varies depending on the length of the paper and the place where it appears. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3 5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3ds of a page. 28. Thi

20、s descriptive abstract has several desirable qualities: it is short and self-contained; it provides key information elements; and it serves as a miniature table of contents. 29. An informational or informative abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively(定量的)。30. An infor

21、mational-indicative abstract giving emphasis to the authors chief contribution .31. These supporting sentences, therefore, can be taken as the “main body” of an abstract32.A report may be made by a committee to its parent organization. It may be made by a consultant to a client. It may be made by an

22、 individual to his/her superior33. A report can be a book review, a critical interpretation of some issue or historical event, a detailed explanation of a scientific experiment, an argument in favor of a political or social program, a comparison of different sets of ideas, or a descriptive essay abo

23、ut a person or place.34. Informal reports containing one to three pages, includes: incident reports, field trip reports, inspection reports, progress reports, and short investigation reports, 35. Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation o

24、r evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals36. Formal reports referred to: feasibility study, an investigation or evaluation report, a product analysis, or a project report. 37. A professional paper differs from other non-professional essays in that it involves the use of library sources from

25、 which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain, support, or authenticate ideas in the paper. 38. The report paper neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs 39.course papers also called “term paper.”40.It is particularly important in any kind of scienti

26、fic inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing. 41. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data42. Doctor of Philosop

27、hy is the teacher of knowledge.43. Conference documents include all printed materials from the preparation of a conference to the post-conference proceedings. 44. The reviewer, should tell what the book is about and why it is judged to be worthy or unworthy. The reviewer should also discuss its meri

28、ts and defects and offer a judgment as to how well the author succeeded in accomplishing his or her objectives.45. Differences between Indexes and Bibliographies lie in the fact that they are frequently more specialized in their scope and are selective to the point of identifying the best available

29、material. 46. A bibliography differs from a list of references in that it lists all of the works that a writer has found relevant in writing the text. A list of references, on the other hand, includes only those works that are specifically mentioned in the text or from which a particular quotation o

30、r piece of information was taken.翻译一、L,F翻译the moon L:月亮; F:玉兔,月桂,婵娟,水镜;夜光月亮 L: the moon; F: heavenly body, planet, secondary planet, planetoid; moon goddess; queen of heaven, queen of night The sun L: 太阳; F: 火轮;金乌; 赤玉盘;阳乌 太阳 L: the sun; F: star of day, day-star, solar disk, solar orb; sphere, fireba

31、ll, ball of fireThin L:瘦; F: 清癯; 削减; 形销骨立;皮包骨头 骨头架子瘦 L: thin, lanky, lean F: slim; skinny; bony; skeletaltwiggy; as thin as six oclockfat L;胖;F: 富态 胖乎乎 面团团 丰满;肉头 大腹便便胖 L;fat F: portly; obese heavy well-fed; round1)to kill two birds with one stoneL: 一石二鸟F: 一箭双雕;一举两得2) to flog a dead horseL: 鞭打死马F: 白费

32、力;徒劳;白搭;枉然;徒然;事后再作无益的讨论3)a drop in the bucketL: 一桶水中的一滴F: 沧海一粟;太仓一粟;九牛一毛;微不足道;微乎其微;不足挂齿;不值一提;4)to teach a pig to play on a fluteL: 教猪吹笛F: 对牛弹琴;做荒谬的事情;5)过街老鼠L: (like) a rat crossing the street F: the object of universal condemnation; a bad man hated by everybody6) 门庭若市L: The courtyard is like a market.F: a much visited house; a busy town; bustling; crowded7) 望梅止渴L: to gaze at plumps to quench ones thirstF: to console oneself with false hopes; to feed on fancies(illusion); imagined satisf

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