Key Concept.docx
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KeyConcept
AmericanRealism:
RealismcameasareactionagainstthelieofRomanticism.Itoffersanobjectiveratherthanidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Arealistwriterismoreobjectivethansubjective,moredescriptivethansymbolic.Realistslookedfortruthineverydaytruths.TwoofstaunchfightersforrealismwereMarkTwain(realityofsocietyandthetime)andHenryJames(realityofhumanhearts).
InfluencedbysuchEuropeansasZola,Flaubert,Balzac,Dostoyevsky,andTolstoy,American’smostnoteworthynewauthorsestablishedaliteratureofRealism.TheysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,insistingthattheordinaryandthelocalwereassuitableforartisticportrayalsasthemagnificentandtheremote.
IthadoriginatedinFranceasrealisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”.
Beginningasalocalcolorist,M.TwainwroteworkswhichhavebecomespartoftheAmericanculturaltradition.HenryJames,withhis“internationaltheme”,andhispsychologicalrealism,isnowconsideredasoneofthemostimportantliteraryfigureinthenineteenthcentury.
Jamesprobeddeeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatthatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.
MarkTwainbreakingoutofthenarrowlimitsoflocalcolorfiction,describedthebreadth幅度ofAmericanexperienceasnoonehadeverdonebefore,andhecreatedamasterpieceofAmericanrealismHuckleberryFinn(1984).
1.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itisanti-romantic,anti-sentimental.
2.Ithasagreatconcernfortheenvironmentandactiononcharacters,andatendencytoexplorethepsychologyofthepeopleinthestory.
3.Openendingleavesmuchroomforthereaderforthepossibleconclusionofthestory.
4.Focusonthecommonnessofthecommonpeople.Thecommonplacetheeveryday,theaverage,thetrivial.
5.Objectivityratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandexperienceareemphasized.
6.Realistsareethicalwriters,interestedintheproblemsoftheindividualconscienceinconflictwithsocialinstitutions.
Naturalism
Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,agenerationofwritersarosewhoseideasoftheworkingsoftheuniverseandwhoseperceptionofsociety’sdisordersledthemtonaturalism,anewandharsherrealism.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharacteristicsoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.
Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledheredityandenvironment,thatreligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.
Naturalism,likeRealism,hadcomefromEurope.
CharlesDarwin’sdisturbingteachinginfluencedNaturalismbystressingtheanimalityofman,tosuggestthathewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.
Thepessimismanddeterministic悲观主义及天命论ideasofNaturalismpervadedtheworksofStephenCrane,JackLondon,HenryAdams,andTheodoreDresser.
1.Humansarecontrolledbylawofheredityandenvironment.Theforceofnaturewillovercomeanyhumandesiretocreategreatness.Therefore,naturalistfictionhasnoevidenceofeffectivechoice,orfreewillorautonomousaction.
2.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumansLifeisastruggleforsurvival.
3.TwooftheNaturalists’recurrentconcernsare:
socialsystemsthatdestroyanddehumanize,andindividualexperienceoflossandfailure.
Modernism
Duringthefirstdecadeofthe20thcentury,modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivism实证主义者andrepresentationalartinartandliterature.ItbeganinGermanyinthe1890s,spreadworldwide,andendedinearly1940s.Itisassumedthatmodernismwastheconsequenceofthetransformationofsocietybroughtaboutbyindustrialismandtechnologyin19thcentury.(Adam,theFall,humanhistory,primarycommunism,feudalism,capitalism,modernism,post-modernism,communism,profaneMessiah;originisthegoal).
Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepast,anditalsofosteredabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Itincludedawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,imagism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.
1.Modernismdramatizeddiscontinuityandimminent邻近的severance切断fromthepastwhilemakingdeterminedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticformsbyincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.RepresentativemodernistpoetsareEzraPoundandT.S.Eliot.
Theywerewellversedinancientliterature,medievalliterature,inGreekandRomanclassicalliterature.Theirpoetrywellfilledwithallusionstosuchliterarylegacy,althoughtheyknewthattheymustrejectmanyofpastideasandforms.
2.Fragmentationbecameacommonthemeinmodernwriting.Inpresentingtheirthemes,theyuseananti-herowhoisthemainfocusoftheworkasaheroshouldbe(like周星驰,大话西游;葛优,甲方乙方;天下无贼,手机,编辑部的故事)。
However,heisweak,ineffective,inapt,notliketheromanticherowhoisstrong,brave,courageous,,andcanrescuethefairmaidenfromthetowerbeforetheblackknightkillsher.Theanti-heroachievesthroughbungling,throughnotbeingaseffectiveashewouldthinkthathecouldbe.
3.Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismwasitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalforms,perceptions,andtechniquesofexpressions,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageandallaspectsofitsmedium.Theconflictbetweendismantlingnarrativeandplotcontinuity,andthatbetweenfractureandflowproducedsomedistinctiveliteraryformsinprose.Streamofconsciousness,theuseofmythasastructuralprinciple,andtheprimarystatusgiventothepoeticimage,allchallengedtraditionalrepresentation.
ImageandImagery
T.E.Hulmesuggeststhatmodernartdealswithexpressionandcommunicationofmomentaryphasesinthepoet’smind.Poetictechniquesshouldbecomesubtleenoughtorecordexactlythemomentaryimpression.Thekeywordhereismomentary.Themosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.“Eachwordmustbeanimageseen.”
Theimageisarepresentativeofaphysicalobject,andthereaderismadetoreacttoitassuch,“Eachsentenceshouldbealump.Apieceofclay,avisionseen.”Hulmeadvisesthepoettoseekthehard,personalwordforexpression.Thesebecamethebasicprinciplesonwhichthemovementwaslaunched.
Imagistmanifestocameoutin1912.PoundandFlintlaiddownthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:
1.Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;
2.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesn’tcontributetothepresentation;
3.Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.
Thefirstprincipleindicatesadesiretomaketheexpressionresemblethe“object”ascloselyasartcanmakeit.Poundmeansnofuss,frill,orornament.
Thesecondprinciplestresseseconomyofexpression.ToPoundanyunnecessarywordrepresentsalossofprecisionandamoralandartisticdefection.
Thethirdconcernsabreakingawayfromconventionalprosodyandtheuseoffreeverse,andtheinterrelationshipbetweenmusicandverse.
ThegreatestculturalinfluenceoverPoundcameperhapsfromancientChina.ItwasPound’sintentiontocelebrateChinesecivilization,forPoundbeganhiscareerwithagrandabnegation.HesawnoeffectivecureinChristianityforthediseaseofhistimes.TohimofficialChristianitywasasink,andastimeswentonheevenlostfaithintheefficacyofGreekculture.Creekthoughtwas,hefelt,utterlyirresponsible;itwasatnopointimpregnatedwithafeelingforthewholepeople.Thusheturnedeast,hefoundaMessiahinConfucious,Poundbelieved,canenlightenand“civilize”thebarbarousOccident.ThewisdomoftheConfucianclassic,TaHio(daxueorTheGreatLearning)is,asPoundsawit,notyetexhaustedandinexhaustible.Ascontainedintheforty-sixcharactersofthe“TextofConfucious”,thatwisdomboilsdowninthefinalanalysistoonenotion:
orderandtranquility,fromwhichlightshinesforth.Orderandtranquilitycomefromenlightenedrule,andasalientfeatureofConfucianenlightenmentenlightenedruleisevendistributionofwealthandlighttaxation.TheseconstitutethethematicconcernsoftheChineseCantos,andunderliethecantosasawhole.TheideogramicandpictographicmatureoftheChinesecharactersappealedtohimsothathediscovered,withgreatdelight,anidealmediumforpoetry.
Imagism意象主义
wasoneofthenewtechniquesofwritingpoetrythatwaspartofthemodernistperiodanditwasoneofthemostessentialtechniques.Therewereotherswithnamessuchassurrealism,cubism,symbolismandcombinationsofwordslikethese.Notallmodernistswereimagists.Itwasonlyonetechniquethattriedtoberevolutionary,triedtodosomethingnewwithlanguage.
TheMajorcharacteristicsofimagism:
1.Imagismwasanti-romanticandanti-Victoria.Imagismstressedfreechoiceofsubjectmatters(oftendealingwithsingle,concentratedmomentsofexperience),concretenessofimagery,musicalphrases,economyofexpression,andtheuseofadominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itaimedatinstantaneouseffect,visualandconcise.Pounddefinedanimageasanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,asavortexorclusteroffusedideasendowedwithenergy.Anyhow,animagistimagerepresentedamomentofrevealedtruth.Imagistsused