Key Concept.docx

Key Concept.docx

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KeyConcept

AmericanRealism:

RealismcameasareactionagainstthelieofRomanticism.Itoffersanobjectiveratherthanidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Arealistwriterismoreobjectivethansubjective,moredescriptivethansymbolic.Realistslookedfortruthineverydaytruths.TwoofstaunchfightersforrealismwereMarkTwain（realityofsocietyandthetime）andHenryJames（realityofhumanhearts）.

InfluencedbysuchEuropeansasZola,Flaubert,Balzac,Dostoyevsky,andTolstoy,American’smostnoteworthynewauthorsestablishedaliteratureofRealism.TheysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,insistingthattheordinaryandthelocalwereassuitableforartisticportrayalsasthemagnificentandtheremote.

IthadoriginatedinFranceasrealisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”.

Beginningasalocalcolorist,M.TwainwroteworkswhichhavebecomespartoftheAmericanculturaltradition.HenryJames,withhis“internationaltheme”,andhispsychologicalrealism,isnowconsideredasoneofthemostimportantliteraryfigureinthenineteenthcentury.

Jamesprobeddeeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatthatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.

MarkTwainbreakingoutofthenarrowlimitsoflocalcolorfiction,describedthebreadth幅度ofAmericanexperienceasnoonehadeverdonebefore,andhecreatedamasterpieceofAmericanrealismHuckleberryFinn（1984）.

1．Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itisanti-romantic,anti-sentimental.

2．Ithasagreatconcernfortheenvironmentandactiononcharacters,andatendencytoexplorethepsychologyofthepeopleinthestory.

3．Openendingleavesmuchroomforthereaderforthepossibleconclusionofthestory.

4．Focusonthecommonnessofthecommonpeople.Thecommonplacetheeveryday,theaverage,thetrivial.

5．Objectivityratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandexperienceareemphasized.

6．Realistsareethicalwriters,interestedintheproblemsoftheindividualconscienceinconflictwithsocialinstitutions.

Naturalism

Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,agenerationofwritersarosewhoseideasoftheworkingsoftheuniverseandwhoseperceptionofsociety’sdisordersledthemtonaturalism,anewandharsherrealism.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharacteristicsoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.

Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledheredityandenvironment,thatreligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.

Naturalism,likeRealism,hadcomefromEurope.

CharlesDarwin’sdisturbingteachinginfluencedNaturalismbystressingtheanimalityofman,tosuggestthathewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.

Thepessimismanddeterministic悲观主义及天命论ideasofNaturalismpervadedtheworksofStephenCrane,JackLondon,HenryAdams,andTheodoreDresser.

1.Humansarecontrolledbylawofheredityandenvironment.Theforceofnaturewillovercomeanyhumandesiretocreategreatness.Therefore,naturalistfictionhasnoevidenceofeffectivechoice，orfreewillorautonomousaction.

2.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumansLifeisastruggleforsurvival.

3.TwooftheNaturalists’recurrentconcernsare:

socialsystemsthatdestroyanddehumanize,andindividualexperienceoflossandfailure.

Modernism

Duringthefirstdecadeofthe20thcentury,modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivism实证主义者andrepresentationalartinartandliterature.ItbeganinGermanyinthe1890s,spreadworldwide,andendedinearly1940s.Itisassumedthatmodernismwastheconsequenceofthetransformationofsocietybroughtaboutbyindustrialismandtechnologyin19thcentury.（Adam,theFall,humanhistory,primarycommunism,feudalism,capitalism,modernism,post-modernism,communism,profaneMessiah;originisthegoal）.

Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepast,anditalsofosteredabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Itincludedawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,imagism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.

1.Modernismdramatizeddiscontinuityandimminent邻近的severance切断fromthepastwhilemakingdeterminedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticformsbyincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.RepresentativemodernistpoetsareEzraPoundandT.S.Eliot.

Theywerewellversedinancientliterature,medievalliterature,inGreekandRomanclassicalliterature.Theirpoetrywellfilledwithallusionstosuchliterarylegacy,althoughtheyknewthattheymustrejectmanyofpastideasandforms.

2.Fragmentationbecameacommonthemeinmodernwriting.Inpresentingtheirthemes,theyuseananti-herowhoisthemainfocusoftheworkasaheroshouldbe（like周星驰，大话西游;葛优，甲方乙方；天下无贼，手机，编辑部的故事）。

However,heisweak,ineffective,inapt,notliketheromanticherowhoisstrong,brave,courageous,,andcanrescuethefairmaidenfromthetowerbeforetheblackknightkillsher.Theanti-heroachievesthroughbungling,throughnotbeingaseffectiveashewouldthinkthathecouldbe.

3.Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismwasitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalforms,perceptions,andtechniquesofexpressions,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageandallaspectsofitsmedium.Theconflictbetweendismantlingnarrativeandplotcontinuity,andthatbetweenfractureandflowproducedsomedistinctiveliteraryformsinprose.Streamofconsciousness,theuseofmythasastructuralprinciple,andtheprimarystatusgiventothepoeticimage,allchallengedtraditionalrepresentation.

ImageandImagery

T.E.Hulmesuggeststhatmodernartdealswithexpressionandcommunicationofmomentaryphasesinthepoet’smind.Poetictechniquesshouldbecomesubtleenoughtorecordexactlythemomentaryimpression.Thekeywordhereismomentary.Themosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.“Eachwordmustbeanimageseen.”

Theimageisarepresentativeofaphysicalobject,andthereaderismadetoreacttoitassuch,“Eachsentenceshouldbealump.Apieceofclay,avisionseen.”Hulmeadvisesthepoettoseekthehard,personalwordforexpression.Thesebecamethebasicprinciplesonwhichthemovementwaslaunched.

Imagistmanifestocameoutin1912.PoundandFlintlaiddownthreeImagistpoeticprinciples:

1.Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;

2.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesn’tcontributetothepresentation;

3.Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.

Thefirstprincipleindicatesadesiretomaketheexpressionresemblethe“object”ascloselyasartcanmakeit.Poundmeansnofuss,frill,orornament.

Thesecondprinciplestresseseconomyofexpression.ToPoundanyunnecessarywordrepresentsalossofprecisionandamoralandartisticdefection.

Thethirdconcernsabreakingawayfromconventionalprosodyandtheuseoffreeverse,andtheinterrelationshipbetweenmusicandverse.

ThegreatestculturalinfluenceoverPoundcameperhapsfromancientChina.ItwasPound’sintentiontocelebrateChinesecivilization,forPoundbeganhiscareerwithagrandabnegation.HesawnoeffectivecureinChristianityforthediseaseofhistimes.TohimofficialChristianitywasasink,andastimeswentonheevenlostfaithintheefficacyofGreekculture.Creekthoughtwas,hefelt,utterlyirresponsible;itwasatnopointimpregnatedwithafeelingforthewholepeople.Thusheturnedeast,hefoundaMessiahinConfucious,Poundbelieved,canenlightenand“civilize”thebarbarousOccident.ThewisdomoftheConfucianclassic,TaHio（daxueorTheGreatLearning）is,asPoundsawit,notyetexhaustedandinexhaustible.Ascontainedintheforty-sixcharactersofthe“TextofConfucious”,thatwisdomboilsdowninthefinalanalysistoonenotion:

orderandtranquility,fromwhichlightshinesforth.Orderandtranquilitycomefromenlightenedrule,andasalientfeatureofConfucianenlightenmentenlightenedruleisevendistributionofwealthandlighttaxation.TheseconstitutethethematicconcernsoftheChineseCantos,andunderliethecantosasawhole.TheideogramicandpictographicmatureoftheChinesecharactersappealedtohimsothathediscovered,withgreatdelight,anidealmediumforpoetry.

Imagism意象主义

wasoneofthenewtechniquesofwritingpoetrythatwaspartofthemodernistperiodanditwasoneofthemostessentialtechniques.Therewereotherswithnamessuchassurrealism,cubism,symbolismandcombinationsofwordslikethese.Notallmodernistswereimagists.Itwasonlyonetechniquethattriedtoberevolutionary,triedtodosomethingnewwithlanguage.

TheMajorcharacteristicsofimagism:

1.Imagismwasanti-romanticandanti-Victoria.Imagismstressedfreechoiceofsubjectmatters（oftendealingwithsingle,concentratedmomentsofexperience）,concretenessofimagery,musicalphrases,economyofexpression,andtheuseofadominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itaimedatinstantaneouseffect,visualandconcise.Pounddefinedanimageasanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,asavortexorclusteroffusedideasendowedwithenergy.Anyhow,animagistimagerepresentedamomentofrevealedtruth.Imagistsused