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SpecialForces(UnitedStatesArmy)
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"GreenBerets"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeGreenBerets(disambiguation).
U.S.ArmySpecialForces
UnitedStatesArmySpecialForcesshouldersleeveinsignia
Active
June19,1952–present
Country
UnitedStatesofAmerica
Branch
UnitedStatesArmy
Type
Specialoperationsforce
Role
Primarytasks:
∙Unconventionalwarfare
∙Foreigninternaldefense
∙Specialreconnaissance
∙Directaction
∙Counter-terrorism
Otherroles:
∙Counter-proliferation
∙Hostagerescue
∙Humanitarianmissions
Part of
UnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand
UnitedStatesArmySpecialOperationsCommand
Garrison/HQ
FortBragg,NorthCarolina
Nickname
GreenBerets,QuietProfessionals,[1]Soldier-Diplomats,SnakeEaters,BeardedBastards[2]
Motto
DeOppressoLiber
Engagements
ColdWar
VietnamWar
ElSalvador
OperationUrgentFury
OperationJustCause
PersianGulfWar
SomalianWar
OperationUpholdDemocracy
Kosovo
OperationEnduringFreedom
IraqWar
AfghanistanWar
WarinNorth-WestPakistan
WaronISIL
TheUnitedStatesArmySpecialForces,knownastheGreenBeretsbecauseoftheirdistinctiveserviceheadgear,areaspecialoperationsforcetaskedwithfiveprimarymissions:
unconventionalwarfare(theoriginalandmostimportantmissionofSpecialForces),foreigninternaldefense,specialreconnaissance,directaction,andcounter-terrorism.Thefirsttwoemphasizelanguage,cultural,andtrainingskillsinworkingwithforeigntroops.Otherdutiesincludecombatsearchandrescue(CSAR),counter-narcotics,counter-proliferation,hostagerescue,humanitarianassistance,humanitariandemining,informationoperations,peacekeeping,psychologicaloperations,securityassistance,andmanhunts;othercomponentsoftheUnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand(USSOCOM)orotherU.S.governmentactivitiesmayalsospecializeinthesesecondaryareas.[3]Manyoftheiroperationaltechniquesareclassified,butsomenonfictionworks[4]anddoctrinalmanualsareavailable.[5][6][7]
Asspecialoperationsunits,SpecialForcesarenotnecessarilyunderthecommandauthorityofthegroundcommandersinthosecountries.Instead,whileintheater,SFunitsmayreportdirectlytoageographiccombatantcommand,USSOCOM,orothercommandauthorities.TheCentralIntelligenceAgency's(CIA)highlysecretiveSpecialActivitiesDivision(SAD)andmorespecificallyitsSpecialOperationsGroup(SOG)recruitsfromtheArmy'sSpecialForces.[8]JointCIA-ArmySpecialForcesoperationsgobacktotheMACV-SOGbranchduringtheVietnamWar.[9]ThecooperationstillexiststodayandisseenintheWarinAfghanistan.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
∙1Mission
∙2History
∙3Organizationalstructure
o3.1SpecialForcesgroups
o3.2BattalionHQElement–SFOperationalDetachment-C(SFODC)composition
o3.3CompanyHQElement–SFOperationalDetachment-B(SFODB)composition
o3.4BasicElement–SFOperationalDetachment-A(SFODA)composition
∙4Qualifications
∙5Selectionandtraining
∙6SpecialForcesMOSdescriptions
∙7Uniformsandinsignia
o7.1TheGreenBeret
o7.2Insignia
o7.3TheTab
∙8Culturalreferences
∙9Seealso
∙10References
∙11Externallinks
Mission[edit]
U.S.ArmySpecialForcessoldiersfromthe3rdSpecialForcesGrouppatrolafieldintheGulistandistrictofFarah,Afghanistan
TheprimarymissionoftheArmySpecialForcesistotrainandleadunconventionalwarfare(UW)forces,oraclandestineguerrillaforceinanoccupiednation.The10thSpecialForcesGroupwasthefirstdeployedSFunit,intendedtotrainandleadUWforcesbehindenemylinesintheeventofaWarsawPactinvasionofWesternEurope.AstheU.S.becameinvolvedinSoutheastAsia,itwasrealizedthatspecialiststrainedtoleadguerrillascouldalsohelpdefendagainsthostileguerrillas,soSFacquiredtheadditionalmissionofForeignInternalDefense(FID),workingwithHostNation(HN)forcesinaspectrumofcounter-guerrillaactivitiesfromindirectsupporttocombatcommand.
SpecialForcespersonnelqualifybothinadvancedmilitaryskillsandtheregionallanguagesandculturesofdefinedpartsoftheworld.Whiletheyarebestknownfortheirunconventionalwarfarecapabilities,theyalsoundertakeothermissionsthatincludedirectactionraids,peaceoperations,counter-proliferation,counter-drugadvisoryroles,andotherstrategicmissions.[12]Asstrategicresources,theyreporteithertoUSSOCOMortoaregionalUnifiedCombatantCommand.[citationneeded][clarificationneeded]ToenhancetheirDAcapability,specificCommandersIn-ExtremisForce(CIF)teamswerecreatedwithafocusonthedirectactionsideofspecialoperations.[13]
SFteammembersworkcloselytogetherandrelyononeanotherunderisolatedcircumstancesforlongperiodsoftime,bothduringextendeddeploymentsandingarrison.Becauseofthis,theydevelopclannishrelationshipsandlong-standingpersonalties.SFnon-commissionedofficers(NCO)oftenspendtheirentirecareersinSpecialForces,rotatingamongassignmentstodetachments,higherstaffbillets,liaisonpositions,andinstructordutiesattheU.S.ArmyJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterandSchool(USAJFKSWCS).Theyarethenrequiredtomovetostaffpositionsortohighercommandechelons.WiththecreationofUSSOCOM,SFcommandershaverisentothehighestranksofU.S.Armycommand,includingcommandofUSSOCOM,theArmy'sChiefofStaff,andtheChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff.[14]
History[edit]
Mainarticle:
HistoryoftheUnitedStatesArmySpecialForces
ODA525teampicturetakenshortlybeforeinfiltrationinIraq,February1991
SpecialForcestracesitsrootsastheArmy’spremierproponentofunconventionalwarfarefrompurpose-formedspecialoperationsunitsliketheAlamoScouts,Philippineguerrillas,FirstSpecialServiceForce,andtheOperationalGroups(OGs)oftheOfficeofStrategicServices.AlthoughtheOSSwasnotanArmyorganization,manyArmypersonnelwereassignedtotheOSSandlaterusedtheirexperiencestoinfluencetheformingofSpecialForces.
DuringtheKoreanWar,individualssuchasformerPhilippineguerrillacommandersCol.WendellFertigandLt.Col.RussellW.VolckmannusedtheirwartimeexperiencetoformulatethedoctrineofunconventionalwarfarethatbecamethecornerstoneoftheSpecialForces.[15][16]
In1951,MajorGeneralRobertA.McClurechoseformerOSSmemberColonelAaronBankasOperationsBranchChiefoftheSpecialOperationsDivisionofthePsychologicalWarfareStaff(OCPW)inthePentagon.[17]
InJune1952,the10thSpecialForcesGroup(Airborne)wasformedunderCol.AaronBank,soonaftertheestablishmentofthePsychologicalWarfareSchool,whichultimatelybecametoday’sJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterandSchool.The10thSpecialForcesGroup(Airborne)deployedtoBadTolz,Germany,inSeptember1953.TheremainingcadreatFortBraggformedthe77thSpecialForcesGroup,whichinMay1960becametoday’s7thSpecialForcesGroup.[18]
Sincetheirestablishmentin1952,SpecialForcessoldiershaveoperatedinVietnam,ElSalvador,Panama,Haiti,Somalia,Bosnia,Kosovo,Afghanistan,Iraq,thePhilippines,and,inanFIDrole,OperationEnduringFreedom–HornofAfrica,whichwastransferredtoUnitedStatesAfricaCommandin2008.[citationneeded]
Organizationalstructure[edit]
StructureofUnitedStatesArmySpecialForcesCommand
SpecialForcesgroups[edit]
SoldiersfromeachoftheArmy’ssevenSpecialForcesgroupsatthegravesiteofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinNovember2011.
Soldiersfromthe7thSpecialForcesGroup
SpecialForcesaredividedintofiveactiveduty(AD)andtwoArmyNationalGuard(ARNG)SpecialForcesgroups.EachSpecialForcesGroup(SFG)hasaspecificregionalfocus.TheSpecialForcessoldiersassignedtothesegroupsreceiveintensivelanguageandculturaltrainingforcountrieswithintheirregionalareaofresponsibility(AOR).[19]DuetotheincreasedneedforSpecialForcessoldiersintheWaronTerror,allGroups—includingthoseoftheNationalGuard(19thand20thSFGs)—havebeendeployedoutsideoftheirareasofoperation(AOs),particularlytoIraqandAfghanistan.ArecentlyreleasedreportshowedSpecialForcesasperhapsthemostdeployedSOFunderUSSOCOM,withmanysoldiers,regardlessofGroup,servingupto75%oftheircareersoverseas,almostallofwhichhadbeentoIraqandAfghanistan.
UntilrecentlyanSFgrouphasconsistedofthreebattalions,butsincetheDepartmentofDefensehasauthorizedU.S.ArmySpecialForcesCommandtoincreaseitsauthorizedstrengthbyonethird,afourthbattalionwasactivatedineachactivecomponentgroupby2012.[citationneeded]
∙
Currentstructureofthe1stSFG(A)
∙
Currentstructureofthe3rdSFG(A)
∙
Currentstructureofthe5thSFG(A)
∙
Currentstructureofthe7thSFG(A)
∙
Currentstructureofthe10thSFG(A)
∙
Currentstructureofthe20thNGSFG(A)
ASpecialForcesgroupishistoricallyassignedtoaUnifiedCombatantCommandoratheaterofoperations.TheSpecialForcesOperationalDetachmentCorC-detachment(SFODC)isresponsibleforatheateroramajorsubcomponent,whichcanprovidecommandandcontrolofupto18SFODAs,threeSFODB,oramixtureofthetwo.SubordinatetoitaretheSpecialForcesOperationalDetachmentBsorB-detachments(SFODB),whichcanprovidecommandandcontrolforsixSFODAs.Furthersubordinate,theSFODAstypicallyraisecompany-tobattalion-sizedunitswhenonunconventionalwarfaremissions.Theycanform6-man"splitA"detachmentsthatareoftenusedforspecialreconnaissance.
Insignia
G