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SpecialForces（UnitedStatesArmy）

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"GreenBerets"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeGreenBerets（disambiguation）.

U.S.ArmySpecialForces

UnitedStatesArmySpecialForcesshouldersleeveinsignia

Active

June19,1952–present

Country

 UnitedStatesofAmerica

Branch

 UnitedStatesArmy

Type

Specialoperationsforce

Role

Primarytasks:

∙Unconventionalwarfare

∙Foreigninternaldefense

∙Specialreconnaissance

∙Directaction

∙Counter-terrorism

Otherroles:

∙Counter-proliferation

∙Hostagerescue

∙Humanitarianmissions

Part of

UnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand

UnitedStatesArmySpecialOperationsCommand

Garrison/HQ

FortBragg,NorthCarolina

Nickname

GreenBerets,QuietProfessionals,[1]Soldier-Diplomats,SnakeEaters,BeardedBastards[2]

Motto

DeOppressoLiber

Engagements

ColdWar

VietnamWar

ElSalvador

OperationUrgentFury

OperationJustCause

PersianGulfWar

SomalianWar

OperationUpholdDemocracy

Kosovo

OperationEnduringFreedom

IraqWar

AfghanistanWar

WarinNorth-WestPakistan

WaronISIL

TheUnitedStatesArmySpecialForces,knownastheGreenBeretsbecauseoftheirdistinctiveserviceheadgear,areaspecialoperationsforcetaskedwithfiveprimarymissions:

unconventionalwarfare（theoriginalandmostimportantmissionofSpecialForces）,foreigninternaldefense,specialreconnaissance,directaction,andcounter-terrorism.Thefirsttwoemphasizelanguage,cultural,andtrainingskillsinworkingwithforeigntroops.Otherdutiesincludecombatsearchandrescue（CSAR）,counter-narcotics,counter-proliferation,hostagerescue,humanitarianassistance,humanitariandemining,informationoperations,peacekeeping,psychologicaloperations,securityassistance,andmanhunts;othercomponentsoftheUnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand（USSOCOM）orotherU.S.governmentactivitiesmayalsospecializeinthesesecondaryareas.[3]Manyoftheiroperationaltechniquesareclassified,butsomenonfictionworks[4]anddoctrinalmanualsareavailable.[5][6][7]

Asspecialoperationsunits,SpecialForcesarenotnecessarilyunderthecommandauthorityofthegroundcommandersinthosecountries.Instead,whileintheater,SFunitsmayreportdirectlytoageographiccombatantcommand,USSOCOM,orothercommandauthorities.TheCentralIntelligenceAgency's（CIA）highlysecretiveSpecialActivitiesDivision（SAD）andmorespecificallyitsSpecialOperationsGroup（SOG）recruitsfromtheArmy'sSpecialForces.[8]JointCIA-ArmySpecialForcesoperationsgobacktotheMACV-SOGbranchduringtheVietnamWar.[9]ThecooperationstillexiststodayandisseenintheWarinAfghanistan.[10][11]

Contents

 [hide] 

∙1Mission

∙2History

∙3Organizationalstructure

o3.1SpecialForcesgroups

o3.2BattalionHQElement–SFOperationalDetachment-C（SFODC）composition

o3.3CompanyHQElement–SFOperationalDetachment-B（SFODB）composition

o3.4BasicElement–SFOperationalDetachment-A（SFODA）composition

∙4Qualifications

∙5Selectionandtraining

∙6SpecialForcesMOSdescriptions

∙7Uniformsandinsignia

o7.1TheGreenBeret

o7.2Insignia

o7.3TheTab

∙8Culturalreferences

∙9Seealso

∙10References

∙11Externallinks

Mission[edit]

U.S.ArmySpecialForcessoldiersfromthe3rdSpecialForcesGrouppatrolafieldintheGulistandistrictofFarah,Afghanistan

TheprimarymissionoftheArmySpecialForcesistotrainandleadunconventionalwarfare（UW）forces,oraclandestineguerrillaforceinanoccupiednation.The10thSpecialForcesGroupwasthefirstdeployedSFunit,intendedtotrainandleadUWforcesbehindenemylinesintheeventofaWarsawPactinvasionofWesternEurope.AstheU.S.becameinvolvedinSoutheastAsia,itwasrealizedthatspecialiststrainedtoleadguerrillascouldalsohelpdefendagainsthostileguerrillas,soSFacquiredtheadditionalmissionofForeignInternalDefense（FID）,workingwithHostNation（HN）forcesinaspectrumofcounter-guerrillaactivitiesfromindirectsupporttocombatcommand.

SpecialForcespersonnelqualifybothinadvancedmilitaryskillsandtheregionallanguagesandculturesofdefinedpartsoftheworld.Whiletheyarebestknownfortheirunconventionalwarfarecapabilities,theyalsoundertakeothermissionsthatincludedirectactionraids,peaceoperations,counter-proliferation,counter-drugadvisoryroles,andotherstrategicmissions.[12]Asstrategicresources,theyreporteithertoUSSOCOMortoaregionalUnifiedCombatantCommand.[citationneeded][clarificationneeded]ToenhancetheirDAcapability,specificCommandersIn-ExtremisForce（CIF）teamswerecreatedwithafocusonthedirectactionsideofspecialoperations.[13]

SFteammembersworkcloselytogetherandrelyononeanotherunderisolatedcircumstancesforlongperiodsoftime,bothduringextendeddeploymentsandingarrison.Becauseofthis,theydevelopclannishrelationshipsandlong-standingpersonalties.SFnon-commissionedofficers（NCO）oftenspendtheirentirecareersinSpecialForces,rotatingamongassignmentstodetachments,higherstaffbillets,liaisonpositions,andinstructordutiesattheU.S.ArmyJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterandSchool（USAJFKSWCS）.Theyarethenrequiredtomovetostaffpositionsortohighercommandechelons.WiththecreationofUSSOCOM,SFcommandershaverisentothehighestranksofU.S.Armycommand,includingcommandofUSSOCOM,theArmy'sChiefofStaff,andtheChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff.[14]

History[edit]

Mainarticle:

HistoryoftheUnitedStatesArmySpecialForces

ODA525teampicturetakenshortlybeforeinfiltrationinIraq,February1991

SpecialForcestracesitsrootsastheArmy’spremierproponentofunconventionalwarfarefrompurpose-formedspecialoperationsunitsliketheAlamoScouts,Philippineguerrillas,FirstSpecialServiceForce,andtheOperationalGroups（OGs）oftheOfficeofStrategicServices.AlthoughtheOSSwasnotanArmyorganization,manyArmypersonnelwereassignedtotheOSSandlaterusedtheirexperiencestoinfluencetheformingofSpecialForces.

DuringtheKoreanWar,individualssuchasformerPhilippineguerrillacommandersCol.WendellFertigandLt.Col.RussellW.VolckmannusedtheirwartimeexperiencetoformulatethedoctrineofunconventionalwarfarethatbecamethecornerstoneoftheSpecialForces.[15][16]

In1951,MajorGeneralRobertA.McClurechoseformerOSSmemberColonelAaronBankasOperationsBranchChiefoftheSpecialOperationsDivisionofthePsychologicalWarfareStaff（OCPW）inthePentagon.[17]

InJune1952,the10thSpecialForcesGroup（Airborne）wasformedunderCol.AaronBank,soonaftertheestablishmentofthePsychologicalWarfareSchool,whichultimatelybecametoday’sJohnF.KennedySpecialWarfareCenterandSchool.The10thSpecialForcesGroup（Airborne）deployedtoBadTolz,Germany,inSeptember1953.TheremainingcadreatFortBraggformedthe77thSpecialForcesGroup,whichinMay1960becametoday’s7thSpecialForcesGroup.[18]

Sincetheirestablishmentin1952,SpecialForcessoldiershaveoperatedinVietnam,ElSalvador,Panama,Haiti,Somalia,Bosnia,Kosovo,Afghanistan,Iraq,thePhilippines,and,inanFIDrole,OperationEnduringFreedom–HornofAfrica,whichwastransferredtoUnitedStatesAfricaCommandin2008.[citationneeded]

Organizationalstructure[edit]

StructureofUnitedStatesArmySpecialForcesCommand

SpecialForcesgroups[edit]

SoldiersfromeachoftheArmy’ssevenSpecialForcesgroupsatthegravesiteofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinNovember2011.

Soldiersfromthe7thSpecialForcesGroup

SpecialForcesaredividedintofiveactiveduty（AD）andtwoArmyNationalGuard（ARNG）SpecialForcesgroups.EachSpecialForcesGroup（SFG）hasaspecificregionalfocus.TheSpecialForcessoldiersassignedtothesegroupsreceiveintensivelanguageandculturaltrainingforcountrieswithintheirregionalareaofresponsibility（AOR）.[19]DuetotheincreasedneedforSpecialForcessoldiersintheWaronTerror,allGroups—includingthoseoftheNationalGuard（19thand20thSFGs）—havebeendeployedoutsideoftheirareasofoperation（AOs）,particularlytoIraqandAfghanistan.ArecentlyreleasedreportshowedSpecialForcesasperhapsthemostdeployedSOFunderUSSOCOM,withmanysoldiers,regardlessofGroup,servingupto75%oftheircareersoverseas,almostallofwhichhadbeentoIraqandAfghanistan.

UntilrecentlyanSFgrouphasconsistedofthreebattalions,butsincetheDepartmentofDefensehasauthorizedU.S.ArmySpecialForcesCommandtoincreaseitsauthorizedstrengthbyonethird,afourthbattalionwasactivatedineachactivecomponentgroupby2012.[citationneeded]

∙

Currentstructureofthe1stSFG（A）

∙

Currentstructureofthe3rdSFG（A）

∙

Currentstructureofthe5thSFG（A）

∙

Currentstructureofthe7thSFG（A）

∙

Currentstructureofthe10thSFG（A）

∙

Currentstructureofthe20thNGSFG（A）

ASpecialForcesgroupishistoricallyassignedtoaUnifiedCombatantCommandoratheaterofoperations.TheSpecialForcesOperationalDetachmentCorC-detachment（SFODC）isresponsibleforatheateroramajorsubcomponent,whichcanprovidecommandandcontrolofupto18SFODAs,threeSFODB,oramixtureofthetwo.SubordinatetoitaretheSpecialForcesOperationalDetachmentBsorB-detachments（SFODB）,whichcanprovidecommandandcontrolforsixSFODAs.Furthersubordinate,theSFODAstypicallyraisecompany-tobattalion-sizedunitswhenonunconventionalwarfaremissions.Theycanform6-man"splitA"detachmentsthatareoftenusedforspecialreconnaissance.

Insignia

G