高中英语语法专题复习讲义有答案.docx
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高中英语语法专题复习讲义有答案
高中英语语法专题复习讲义
一、名词
【知识点】
一、可数名词的复数构成规则:
1.规则变化:
加-s,-es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;
(1)keys,threeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoes
(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如:
someVIPs(VIP’s);inhis50s/50’s;inthe1990s/1990’s;Therearetwot’sintheword“letter”.
2.不规则变化:
(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等;
(2)单复数形式相同:
sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类);
(3)只有复数形式:
trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关);arms(武器);
(4)复合名词的复数形式:
shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law
(5)表示某国人的复数形式:
A:
单复一样:
(Chinese/Japanese)B:
把man变成men:
Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:
其它加s(包括Germans,humans)
二、不可数名词
1.量的表示:
用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量词),用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等:
apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafofbread;abarofchocolate;twoheadofcattle
2.不可数名词具体化:
Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.
三、名词的所有格:
1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有,则在最后一个名词后加’s:
JackandTom’sroom(两人共有的房间);Jack’sandTom’srooms(两人各自的房间);表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示:
thewindowsoftheroom;
(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:
China’sindustry;today’spaper;tenminutes’walk)
2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词:
atmyaunt’s(house);atthedoctor’s(office);gotothechemist’s(shop);
3.双重所有格:
a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…..’s/名词性物主代词(表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩,如:
赞赏、讨厌等);
比较:
afriendofhermother’s她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一位,为双重所有格)
afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系,为of所有格)
apictureofhisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张,照片上不一定是他本人)
apictureofhisbrother(他弟弟本人的一张照片,照片上就是他本人)
四、名词作定语修饰名词:
前一个名词表示后一个名词的材质及用途;
(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式,复数加在后面主体名词上:
shoeshop(s);storybook(s);coffeecup(s);physicsteacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式:
salesmanager;sportsmeet;由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数:
men/womendoctors;
(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义:
adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师
agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表
五、英语中”很多”的表达:
只修饰可数名词:
quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof
只修饰不可数名词:
agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)
既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:
plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof
【练习】
1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktothe_____ofhisadvertisement.
A.standardB.levelC.messageD.promise
2.-----Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?
------Muchbetter,butthere’sstillsome______forimprovement.
A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place
3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigher______fortheirworkthantheyshould.
A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices
4.The______ofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.
A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene
5.No______shefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.
A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter
6.-----Howisitthatyoulostyourway?
------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong________.
A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path
7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmall_________forhis_________,soIgavehim________.
A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpence
C.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies
8.Willyoupleasetellme_______youaretalkingabout?
A.whichZhangYimou’sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimou
C.whichfilmofZhangYimou’sD.zhangYimou’swhichfilm
9.Thebabybrokea_______whichismadeof_____justnow.
A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea’scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses
10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthree_______and_______.
A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetables
C.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables
11.Ifyougetthejobyou’llhavetomakebusiness______everynowandthen.
A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages
12.Ilistenedtohislectureaboutbiology,butImissedthekey______.
A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points
13.Heisalwaysfullof______asthoughheneverknewtiredness.
A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy
14.Therehasbeenagreat_______inthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.
A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect
15.Idon’tthinkit’smy______thattheTVdoesn’twork.Ijustturneditoff.
A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error
16.------What’sthe______ofthispairofshoes?
------500yuan.
------Oh,it’sreallytooexpensive.
-------Butit’scomfortable,soIthinkit’sgood_______formoney.
A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price
17.Howdidyoulikethe________oftheinterpreter(口译员)attheconferenceonTV?
A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words
18.Sheisnotingood_______forsuchheavywork.
A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation
19.It’sbad_______foramantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.
A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner
20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotof_______inthepastfewyears.
A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains
主谓一致
【知识点】
英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致,这就叫做主谓一致。
解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:
语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1:
either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody 做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.
Everythingaroundusismatter.
(注意:
none,neither,all,any作主语时,谓语可用单数,也可用复数,具体取决于说话人的意思。
)
Noneofthemowns/ownacar.
Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.
Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
2:
表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时,谓语用单数。
Fiveminutesisenough.
Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney.
3:
each…andeach…,every…andevery;no…andno;manya…andmanya…等结构由于强调个体行为,因此谓语动词使用单数。
EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.
Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.
4:
从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。
Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.(tosaysomething,todo是不定式)
“Howdoyoudo?
”isnotaquestionbutagreeting.(Howdoyoudo?
是句子,作主语)
(注意:
what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。
)
Whatweneedismoretime,whilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.
5:
oneandahalf后面带名词的复数,谓语动词常用单数。
Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable.
6:
用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。
TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth.
Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.
7:
有些名词呈复数形式,但并不表示复数概念。
Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.
8:
名词由and或both…and连接主语时,谓语动词使用复数形式。
Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.
9:
people,public,police,cattle做主语时,谓语动词习惯上使用复数。
Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.
考点10:
表示成双、成套的名词作主语时,谓语动词使用复数。
Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.
但有apairof连接时,谓语动词使用单数。
Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.
11:
不可数名词作主语,但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数。
Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.
12:
在or,either---or---,neither---nor---,notonly---butalso---,not---but---,therebe等结构中,采取就近原则,即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。
Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.
Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.
考点13 :
下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分,谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致:
aswellas;ratherthan;like;except;besides;with;alongwith;including;such---as---;
NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit.
Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.
考点14:
someof;plentyof;alotof;mostof;therestof;all(of);half(of);分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时,以名词的单复数为准。
Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.
Morethan70%oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.
Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.
Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.
Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.
15:
由akindof;thiskindof;manykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时,谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。
ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.
Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.
16:
morethan开头的句子,看其后面的名词。
Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.
Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.
17:
定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致,但oneof+复数名词+who/that引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语,有为单数,无为复数。
Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear.
Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn’tknowathingaboutknitting(编织).
18:
population;company;class.team;family;group;nation;world;government等词做主语时,如果强调整体,谓语动词使用单数;如果强调组成成员,谓语动词使用复数。
Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.
Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.
19:
the+形容词,表示一类人,谓语动词用复数;若指单数,则用单数谓语动词。
Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.
Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.
真实应与假相区别。
(thetrue/thefalse表单数概念)
20:
anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。
thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数动词。
如:
Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.
Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami(海啸)hasgrownto160,000.
注:
“manya+单数可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
【练习】
1.——HaveyouheardthatTianLiang,alongwithhisparents,_______toCanada?
——Really?
NowonderIhaven’tseenhimthesedays.
A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.havebeenD.havegone
2.Overthree-qua