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唐力力Lecture1
Lecture1
TransitionsandConnectiveWords
Examplesillustratingtheiruse
Transitionscarryyourreaderfromphrasetophrase,sentencetosentence,paragraphtoparagraph,andthroughthemajordivisionsofyourarticle.Althoughyoumaybeabletowriteperfectlyclearlywithoutusingtransitionwords,theyhelpreadersknowwhattheyarereadingabout,howtheygotthere,andwherethethoughtisleadingthem.
Inearlydrafts,itisbettertooverusetransitions;youcanalwayscutthemlater.Beover-specificatfirst.
Usetransitionalwordstoguideyourreaderthrougheachstepofthearticle:
First...,next...,then...,finally....
Apparently...,forexample...,butactually...,inconclusion....
Sometimes...,butnotalways....
Ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand...,insummary....
Because...,therefore....
Usetransitionalwordstopointouthowthecurrentthoughtisrelatedtothepreviousone:
ontheotherhand
earlierintheday
similarly
furthermore
inotherwords
because
consequently
inorderto
undoubtedly
tosumup.
Usetransitionalwordstospellouttheconnectionsamongthedifferentelementsofyourwriting.Forexample,considerhowmanywaysthefollowingtwosimplestatementscanbecombinedandrelated:
Hestayedhome.Hewasshot.
Hestayedhome,andhewasshot.
Firsthestayedhome,thenhewasshot.
Firsthewasshot,thenhestayedhome.
Becausehestayedhome,hewasshot.
Hestayedhome,becausehewasshot.
Althoughhestayedhome,hewasshot.
Hestayedhomealthoughhewasshot.
Hewasshotwhilehestayedhome.
Hewasshotshortlyafterhestayedhome.
Ifyoudonotspellouttheconnectionsamongyourideas,readerswillinsertthem.Andtheymaygetthemwrong.
SeetheChartofTransitionWordsforotherexamples.
Juniorand
theChase
ALittleStoryIllustratingtheMajortypesofTransitionalTerms
Addition:
Ifeltacoldshiver,thenIsawthemsneakinguponme.
Junioratealltheturkey;furthermore,heateallthepie.
Time:
AssoonasIsawthem,Istartedrunning.
Junioratetheturkeyafterheatethepie.
Place:
Iranformylife;nearby,childrenplayedatrecess.
Juniorstoodbythesweetpotatoes;oppositehim,CousinGeorgestoodbytheham.
Example:
Juniorlovesweirdcombinationsoffoods;forinstance,yesterdayhepouredgravyonhiscake.
EveryobjectseemeddeterminedtodrownoutmycriesasIran;onemotorcycle,inparticular,metmeateveryintersectionforthesolepurposeofmakingmycallforhelpinaudible.
Comparison:
Juniorstillfelthungry;likewise,Georgesizeduptheleftovers.
Islowedfromfatigue;similarly,mypursuersfellbehind.
Contrast:
Ishouldhavefeltglad;onthecontrary,Iwasterrified.
Theturkeywasgone;ontheotherhand,therewasplentyofhamleft.
Clarification:
JuniorturnednexttothebountifulharvestofthefjordsofNorway,thatistosay,acanofsardines.
Thepavementrosesuddenlyandhitmyarms;inotherwords,Ifell.
Cause:
Becauseheexpectedthemovietomakehimhungry,Juniorslippedafewsardinesintohiscoatpocketforasnack.
Isawtheoutlineofafamiliarbuilding;forthatreason,Ifeltrenewedhope.
Effect:
Juniorboughtpopcornandforgotaboutthesardines;consequently,hiscleaningbillwasevenlargerthanusualthatmonth.
Iworehikingboots;thereforemyfeetgrewtiredfromtheextraweight,butIhadbettertractionontheicysidewalks.
Purpose:
Inordertoconfusemypursuers,Idartedintothetheater.
Juniorwasstandingintheaisle,sothatamancouldgetpasttohisseat.
Qualification:
AlthoughIstaggereddowntheaisle,Ikeptmybalance.
Juniordidn'thearmecoming;perhapshewasabsorbedintheplot.
Intensification:
Aswecollided,IrecognizedJuniorbythesmellofsardines;undoubtedly,he,too,wassurprisedtomeetthisway.
Inthedarkness,mypursuerscriedoutastheyfelloverourprostrateforms;surelytheyhadlostatlast.
Summary:
Onevillainbrokeanarm.Anotherwasknockedcold.AthirdrosetostabmewhenJuniorthrewupalloverhim.Inshort,confusionreigned.
Conclusion:
Finally,overcomewithreliefandnearlyoverwhelmedbythesmell,IdraggedJuniorintothesunlight.Leaningclosetohistremblinglips,Icouldjustmakeouthisgutturalwhisper:
"I'mstarving."
Concession:
Admittedly,Iwastakenaback;nonetheless,IboughthimthebiggesthamburgerinBrooklyn.
UsingTransitions
Inpractice,youwillnotuseasmanytransitionsastheseexamplesdo.[Thatisbecause]overuseoftransitionsmakesyourstylesoundold-fashioned.[Becauseofthis,]contemporarywritersorganizetheirwritingcarefullysothatthetransitionsareimplied,insteadofspelledoutexplicitly.
Nonetheless[hetransitioned],beginningwritersneedtomastertransitionaltermsandtheconceptsbehindthem,whethertheyusetransitionsexplicitlyorimplicitly.
Ifyoudon'tindicatehowtheelementsofyourthinkingrelatetooneanother,yourreaderswillmakeuptheirownlinks,andmayinterpretyourwritingdifferentlythanyouintended.
TransitionalWordChart
1.Addition
and
or
nor
moreover
again
first
secondly
thirdly
next
last
lastly
finally
evenmoreimportant
furthermore
also
inaddition
further
besides
2.Time
while
after
when
meanwhile
during
next
then
inthepast
immediately
later
soon
inthemeantime
afterwards
following
atlength
afterafewdays
never
always
whenever
sometimes
now
once
simultaneously
3.Place
here
there
nearby
beyond
wherever
oppositeto
adjacentto
neighboringon
bordering
4.Examples
forexample
asanillustration
todemonstrate
specifically
forinstance
toillustrate
e.g.（means"forexample"）
5.Similarity
inthesameway
bythesametoken
similarly
inlikemanner
likewise
insimilarfashion
6.Contrast
onthecontrary
incontrast
nevertheless
but
atthesametime
althoughthatmaybetrue
nonetheless
ontheotherhand
yet
andyet
notwithstanding
otherwise
however
afterall
though
despitethisfact
7.Clarification
thatistosay
inotherwords
toputitanotherway
toexplain
toclarify
torephraseit
i.e.（means"inotherwords"）
still
conversely
instead
evenso
forallthat
namely
8.Cause
because
onaccountof
'forthatreason
duetothefactthat
9.Effect
therefore
consequently
asaresult
10.Purpose
thus
hence
accordingly
inorderto
forthispurpose
11.Qualification
sothat
tothatend
12.Intensification
indeed
torepeat
byallmeans
undoubtedly
tobesure
true
13.Summary
tosummarize
insum
inshort
tosumup
inbrief
insummary
14.Conclusion
"toconclude
inconclusion
finally
'therefore
thus
itisnowobviousthat
withthisobject
withthatinmind
thereupon
then
so
onthewhole
asIhavesaid
15.Concession
admittedly
granted
itistrue
tobesure
almost
nearly
probably
perhaps
maybe
although
infact
withoutdoubt
doubtlessly
obviously
unquestionably
inescapably
certainly
surely
ofcourse
nobodydenies
clearly
eventhough
inamannerofspeaking
tobemoreprecise
ofcourse
needlesstosay
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