语言学作业汇总.docx

语言学作业汇总.docx

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语言学作业汇总

EX1

1.Definethefollowingterms:

designfeature:

thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.

prescriptive:

denotesnormativepracticesonsuchaspectsoflanguageuseasspelling,grammar,pronunciation,andsyntax.Itincludesjudgmentsonwhatusagesaresociallyproperandpoliticallycorrect.Itsaimsmaybetoestablishastandardlanguage,toteachwhatisperceivedwithinaparticularsocietytobecorrectformsoflanguage,ortoadviseoneffectivecommunication.Theschoolbookapproachtolanguageistypicallyprescriptive.Ittriestotellyouhowyoushouldspeakandwrite.

descriptive:

ittriestoexplainthingsastheyactuallyare,notaswewishthemtobe.Whenwestudylanguagedescriptively,wetrytofindtheunconsciousrulesthatpeoplefollowwhentheysaythingslikesentence

synchronic:

Itisthestudyofalanguagesystematoneparticularpointintime,forexample,thesoundsystemofModernBritishEnglish.

diachronic:

Itisanapproachtolinguisticswhichstudieshowalanguagechangesoveraperiodoftime,forexamplethechangeinthesoundsystemofEnglishfromEarlyEnglishtoModernBritishEnglish.

arbitrariness:

theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning

duality:

Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization

displacement:

Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

2.CanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic?

creak:

thesoundmadebyabadlyoileddoorwhenitopens.

cuckoo:

thecallofcuckoo.

bang:

asuddenloudnoise.

roar:

adeeploudcontinuingsound.

buzz:

anoiseofbuzzing.

hiss:

ahissingsound.

neigh:

thelongandloudcrythatahorsemakes.

mew:

thenoisethatagullmakes.

bleat:

thesoundmadebyasheep,goatorcalf.

3.Doyouthinkthatonomatopoeiaindicatesanon-arbitraryrelationshipbetweenformandmeaning?

Nomatteryousay"Yes"or"No",youcannotdenythatonomatopoeianeedsarbitrariness.Beforewefeelawordisonomatopoeicweshouldfirstknowwhichsoundthewordimitates.JustaswhatissaidinChapterOne,inordertoimitatethenoiseofflyingmosquitoes,therearemanychoiceslike"murmurous"and"murderous".Theybothbearmoreorlessresemblancetothegenuinenaturalsound,but"murmurous"isfortunatelychosentomeanthenoisewhile"murderous"ischosentomeansomethingquitedifferent.Theyarearbitraryassignifiers.

4.AstorybyRobertLouisStevensoncontainsthesentence“Asthenightfell，thewindrose.”Couldthisbeexpressedas“Asthewindrose，thenightfell?

”Ifnot，why?

Doesthisindicateadegreeofnon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder?

（Bolinger,1981:

15）

Yes.Itisacaseinpointtoillustratenon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder.Whenthetwopartsinterchange,thefocusandthemeaningofthesentenceisforcedtochange,becauseclausesoccurringinlinearsequencewithouttimeindicatorswillbetakenasmatchingtheactualsequenceofhappening.Thewriter’soriginalintentionisdistorted,andwecanfeeliteffortlesslybyreading.Thatiswhysystemic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionaliststhinklanguageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.

5.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?

Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?

Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’calls.

  ANSWER:

Red→stop

Green→go

Yellow→getreadytogoorstop

6.WhatdoyouthinkofBertrandRussell’sobservationofthedoglanguage:

“Nomatterhoweloquentlyadogmaybark,hecannottellyouthathisparentswerepoorbuthonest”?

Areyoufamiliarwithanytypeofwaysanimalscommunicateamongthemselvesandwithhumanbeings?

Whengazellessensepotentialdanger,forexample,theyfleeandtherebysignaltoothergazellesinthevicinitythatdangerislurking.Adogsignalsitswishtobeletinsidethehousebybarkingandsignalsthepossibilitythatitmightbitemomentarilybydisplayingitsfangs.

EX2

1.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

2.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

3.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

  AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

EX3

1.Definethefollowingterms

Phonetics:

Phoneticsisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeechandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription

ArticulatoryPhonetics:

isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

AcousticPhonetics:

isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.AuditoryPhonetics:

isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds

Phonology:

isthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimsto‘discovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur’.

SpeechOrgans:

ItisalsonamedasVOCALORGANS,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Theorgansinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:

lung,trachea（windpipe）,throat（larynx）,nose,mouth

IPA:

ItistheabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888onthebasisofthephoneticalphabetproposedatthetime.Sincethenithasundergoneanumberofrevisions.

Themannerofarticulation:

Itreferstowaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished.

Theplaceofarticulation:

Itreferstothepointwhereaconsonantismade.Practicallyconsonantsmaybeproducedatanyplacebetweenthelipsandthevocalfolds.

2.

[p]:

voicelessbilabialstop不带声双唇塞音

[b]:

voicedbilabialstop带声双唇塞音

[s]:

voicelessalveolarfricative不带声齿龈擦音

[z]:

voicedalveolarfricative带声齿龈擦音

[m]:

bilabialnasal双唇鼻音

[l]:

alveolarlateral齿龈边音

EX4

I.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion

1.Pitchvariationisknownas_____A_____whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

     A.intonation  B.tone   

C.pronunciation         D.voice

2. Conventionallya____C______isputinslashes（//）.

   A.allophone      B.phone    

C.phoneme      D.morpheme

2.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare____D______ofthepphoneme.

 A.analogues    B.tagmemes   

 C.morphemes    D.allophones

4.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A

   A.[n]      B.[m]        C.[b]          D.[p]

5.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled____D______.

    A.minimalpairs      B.allomorphs  C.phones    D.allophones

6.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

B

      A.[i:

]        B.[u]          C.[e]        D.[i]

7.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

B

      A.Voiceless      B.Voiced    C.Glottalstop      D.Consonant

Ⅱ Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Write“T”fortrue,“F”forfalse.

1. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.T

2.  Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.T

3.[p]isavoiced