11电梯A班英语语法一.docx
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11电梯A班英语语法一
PartOneGrammaticalknowledgeforEnglishTestLevelA
ITense
1)It(That)isthefirst(last)timethat…
It(This)isthebest(worst,mostinteresting)+名词+that…
从句要求用现在完成时
Forexample:
ItisthebestfilmthatI’veeverseen.
ThisisthemostinterestingbookI’veeverread.
2)一般现在时可与表示将来时间的状语连用,表示按规定、计划会发生的将来情况。
这些动词包括:
leave,begin,start,come,go,close,end,depend,sail,arrive,return,open,stopetc.
Thenewtermstartson1stSeptember.
3)makecertainthat…
See(toit)that….
Makesurethat…
从句常用一般现在是表示将来情况。
PleaseseetoitthatthechildiswelltakencareofwhenI’maway.
II.Passivevoice
1)deserve,require,want动词后可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,相当于不定式的被动式。
Thesepeopledeservehelping.(=deservetobehelped)
Yourtrousersrequiredironing.(=requiretobeironed)
Yourshoeswantmending.(=wanttobemended)
2)主动形式表示被动意义的动词:
clean,iron,keep,sell,washetc
TheseChristmascardsaresellingwell.
Insuchhotweathermilkwouldn’tkeeplong.
Dampclothesironeasily.
3)有些动词如果带有宾语从句,在变成被动语态时,可转化为it作形式主语的名词性从句。
如itisreportedthat…,itisbelievedthat….,itiswellknownthat….
Itisbelievedthathewillwintheelection.
IIISubjunctivemood
1)有些动词后的宾语需要用虚拟语气来表示愿望、建议、命令、决定等,这是从句的谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。
这类动词有:
advise,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest等。
Theworkersdemandedthattheirwagesberaisedby10percent.
Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendadelegationtotheircountry.
Iproposethatwe(should)setadeadlineforhandingintheplans.
2)有些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句需要用虚拟语气来表示愿望、建议、命令、决定等,这是从句的谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。
这类动词有:
advice,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,motion,requirement,suggestion等。
Mysuggestionisthatadoctorbesentforimmediately.
Hemadethesuggestionthatthey(should)carryontheirconversationinFrench.
IsecondXiaoWang’smotionthatwe(should)setupaspecialboardtoexaminetheproblem.
3)某些表示命令、要求、决定、建议以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。
这时谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。
这类主语从句一般用“itis(was)+形容词/过去分词+that引导从句”构成。
再此结构中常用的形容词有:
advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,proper,urgent,vital等;常用的过去分词有:
arranged,decided,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,suggested等。
Itisadvisablethateveryonehaveamap.
Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.
Itisarrangedthatyouenterforthiscompetition.
4)asif和asthough引导的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
与现在事实相反,动词用过去式;与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had=过去分词表示;与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would(might,could)+动词原形。
Themonitorspeaksattheclassmeetingasthoughshewereaprofessor.
Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
Itlooksasifitmightrain.
注意:
如果asif(asthough)引导的从句所表达的内容被看做是事实或者有可能是事实,则用陈述语气。
itseemsasifit’sgoingtorain.
5)forfearthat引导的从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。
类似表示“以免,以防,生怕,唯恐”等意义的词还有:
lest,incase等,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。
He’sworkinghardforfearthatheshouldfallbehind.
Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthelasttrain.
6)wouldrather意为“宁愿”。
接从句时省略关系代词that,后面的从句用虚拟语气。
从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在或将来的愿望。
Wouldrather后面从句谓语动词用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。
Iwouldrathershesatnexttome.
I’dratherhehadtoldmeaboutit.
7)It’shightimethat…句型。
表示“早该做…”,其后的从句用虚拟语气表示,从句的谓语动词一般用过去式。
It’shightimehewastaughtalesson.
7)wish+宾语从句。
表示不能实现的愿望。
从句是表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式。
Be动词用were。
表示将来不能实现的愿望,用would(could)+动词原形;表示过去不能实现的愿望,用had+动词分词或would(could)+have+动词分词。
Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.
IwishyoucouldstayinShanghaiforonemoreweek.
Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.
8)butfor表示“否定的条件“(要不是,如果没有),而且这种否定的条件是与事实相反的,因此句子的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
从属连词butthat表示“假如它所描述的事实情景不存在的话”,主句常常提出与事实相反的情景,所以主句大多用虚拟语气。
Butfortherainweshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.
Theoldwomanwouldhavebeendrownedbutthatapasser-bydraggedheroutofthewater.
9)asitis(was)诗歌成语,意思是“实际上”、“事实上”、“照目前情况看”。
使用asitis是为了把可能的情景与实际发生的情况进行对比。
Iwantedtobuyanothercarbut,asitis,I’llhavetokeeptheoldoneabitlonger.
Ihopethingsmightgetbetter,butasitistheyseemtobegettingworse!
但asitwere意义是“可以说是”、“似乎是”、“仿佛”,它所表示的话听起来并不那么肯定。
Withthisilliterateaudience,hefelthimself,asitwere,castingpearlsbeforeswine.
Heis,asitwereawalkingdictionary.
10)Ifonly引导的句子用以表示愿望,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
表示对现在的愿望,谓语动词用过去式,表示对将来的愿望,谓语动词用would(could,might)+动词原形;表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用had+过去分词
IfonlyIwereabird.
Ifonlytheywouldtellmewhatthey’vedecided.
IfonlyIhadgonebytaxi.
Ⅳclauses
1)主语从句
主语从句多有连接代词that引导,还有whatever,what,whoever,whichever等。
Thatgiantpandasarebecomingextinctisofgreatconcerntozoologists.
Whatyouneedismorepractice.
WhateverIhaveisatyourservice.
Whoeverwantsitmayhaveit.
由连接词that引导的主语从句,在大多数情况下豆科放在句子后面,用it做形式主语。
Itoccurredtohimthathehadforgottentotakehisnotebookwithhim.
由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句可以放在句首作主语,也可以放在句子后面,用it作形式主语,可互换。
Whenwehaveoursportsmeethasn’tbeendecided.
Ithasn’tbeendecidedwhenwehaveoursportsmeet.
2)表语从句关联词:
连接词that,whether;译文代词who,what,which;疑问副词when,where,how,why;asif,asthough;主语从句的主语是reason时,表语从句用that来引导。
Myopinionisthathewillnotagree.
Thisiswhatwewant.
Thequestionishowwecangetthere.
Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.
ThereasonwhyIdidn’tattendthemeetingwasthatIhadbeenill.
3)宾语从句
有些宾语从句可以用it做形式宾语而把从句移到句子后部去。
Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.
I’llseetoitthateverythingisreadyintime.
由think,believe,suppose,expect等动词引导的宾语从句,有事宾语从句的谓语尽管是否定意思,去不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。
Idon’tthinkyouareright.
4)同位语从句
某些名词(如idea,fact,rumor,news,hope,belief,doubt等)后,我们有时可以用that或连接代词、连接副词引导的从句作为同位语。
同位语从句起解释作用。
同位语从句不可用if引导,需用whether引导。
Thenewsthattheradioannouncedsurprisedeverybody.(定语从句)
Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowexcitedallofus.
Theproblemwhetheritisrighthasn’tbeenverifiedyet.
5)定语从句(用关系代词,关系副词)
关系副词:
ThereasonwhyMr.RobinsondidnotarriveinShanghaiasscheduledwasthathisflightwascalledoffbecauseofthebadweather.
TheChinesepeoplewillneverforgetthedaywhenthepeople’srepublicofChinawasfounded.
ThewinterOlympicsarealwaysheldinamountainouscountrywherethereisplentyofsnow.
关系代词:
Heisagoodphysicianwhocureshimself.
Hereistheman(whom/that)you’vebeenlookingfor.
ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.
Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?
TheparcelthatcamejustnowwasforXiaoWang.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.
6)关系代词用that的情况
先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,everybody,nobody,anybody等。
Something(that)weheardwasofgreattruth.
Thegreeting“Goodafternoon”,“Goodevening”isgiventoanyonethatyouarepassingquickly.
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被all,some,any,thevery,theonly,thelast,thesame,little,no,every,much等修饰的。
Ihavereadallthebooks(that)youlentme.
但先行词虽是all,everybody,nobody,anybody等不定代词,可是关系代词在从句中作主语,则优先使用who连接从句。
Anybodywhorefusedtobowwasthrownintoprisonwithouttrial.
7)thesame….As;such…as…
Ihavethesamebookasyoulentme.
Youhavesuchabookashehas.
8)非限制性定语从句
Oneherdsman,wholooksafter800sheepatmost,earnsabout6,500yuanayear.
Theteamisheadedbya44-year-oldMongolian,whosewifeisaTibetan.
TheywillflytoKunming,wheretheypantostayfortwoorthreedays,andthengotoGuilin.
Intheolddays,whenIwasalittleboy,thecityhadnoindustrytospeakof.
Hetookdownasquaregreenbottle,thecontentofwhichhepouredintoadish.
Theoldcouplehadthreechildren,twoofwhomhadgraduatedfromthuniversity.
As可以作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句,代替整个句子,译为“正如….一样”“正像…一样”等。
与从句用逗号隔开,可以位于主句前面、中间或后面。
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
9)状语从句
◆时间状语从句:
Iwilldiscussthetopicwithyouwhenwemeettomorrow.
Hedidn’tgoouttoplayuntilhefinishedhishomework.
时间状语从句还可以有某些充当连词的名词(themoment,theinstant,everytime)和副词(instantly,directly)引导。
IwilltellyouthenewstheinstantIknow.
Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.
Before除了可表示“在…之前”外,还可以用来强调主句所表达哦的时间很长或花费的力量较大
ItwasalongtimebeforeIgottosleepagain.
Theyhadnotbeenmarriedamonthbeforetheyquarreled.
如果位于when引导的从句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时、“was/wereaboutto,was/wereonthepointof”等结构中,when表示突然发生某事,可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。
Iwasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.
◆条件状语从句(if,unless,providing/provided(that),suppose/supposing(that),oncondition(that),as/solongas,incase等。
Solongasyouworkhard,youwillsurelyachievegoodresultsinexaminations.
PleasegivethelettertoJohnincasehecomes.
◆让步状语从句(though,although,evenif,eventhough,whatever,however,whoever,wherever,nomatter/how/what/where等
While引导的让步状语从句多放在举手,while相当于although
WhileIunderstandwhatyousaid,Ican’tagreewithyou.
As引导的让步状语从句要倒装。
Childashewas,hecouldspeakthreelanguages.
◆比较状语从句
Theirsuggestionisasgoodasthatone.
TheweatherinShanghaiishotterthanthatinBeijing.
TheyproducedthreetimesasmanyTVsetsthisyearaslastyear.
◆原因状语从句
Sincenooneisagainstit,we’lladopttheproposal.
◆结果状语从句(so…that,such…that或sothat).
Hedidn’tplanhistimewell,sothathedidn’tfinishtheworkintime.
◆目的状语从句(inorderthat,sothat,forfearthat,incase,lest等)
Bettertakeclothesincasetheweatheriscold.
WesentletterbyEMSinorderthatitmightreachthemingoodtime.
Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(orlest)heshould